The Gilded Age Of The Robber Barons - 1851 Words

As we move closer to the 2016 national elections in the United States, claims of a growing wealth gap between the supposed â€Å"haves† and â€Å"have-nots† becomes more pronounced. Democratic Presidential candidate Hillary Clinton even went so far as to caution us that we are advancing towards a repeat of the â€Å"Gilded Age of the robber barons†. The insinuation in this claim creates a perception that there are a growing number of individuals within American society using questionable methods to increase their wealth, all at the expense of the not so fortunate. So-called culprits of these activities are often referred to as the â€Å"top 1 percent†; a term gaining a strong foothold in our current vernacular. Although the existence of an income inequality gap is evident, subjectively misinterpreted data is the primary culprit driving the perception that the income inequality gap is expanding. A brief look at history validates that an income inequality gap between the wealthy â€Å"haves† and those viewed as â€Å"have-notes† has existed for hundreds of years. Consider for a moment the French revolution that occurred during 1789. Prior to this event, French society consisted primarily of three estates made up of the clergy, nobles, and those viewed as the common people. Individuals could not move up the social ladder as access to those positions and their related privileges were determined by birth. Government policies such as the assignment of taxes based on the inequality between the estates wereShow MoreRelated`` The Jungle `` : Social Injustice And Unfair Treatment Of The Working Class1128 Words   |  5 PagesThe Gilded Age in American History was a time period of great controversy. Those in wealthier classes believed the changes that had been made socially were for the best. For instance, Andrew Carnegie in the The Gospel of Wealth sees the industrial ization in a positive light. He, along with other Robber Barons of the late nineteenth-century are the ones that created the idea of a â€Å"Gilded Age†. His class of folks believed their contributions to society was bringing back a Golden Age. Carnegie, thoughRead MoreThe Gilded Age Of The Nineteenth Century And The Succeeding Period887 Words   |  4 PagesTwo prominent eras of American History were the Gilded Age at the end of the nineteenth century and the succeeding period, the Progressive Era. The Gilded Age, also know as the Second Industrial Revolution, was a peak of high economic development with the rise of technological advancements in a free market environment, meaning that the economy was driven by self-interest instead of government authority. Besides its economic growth, the Gilded Age handle changes in social divisions. After the abolishmentRead MoreThe Gilded Age And Imperialism Expansion1827 Words   |  8 Pagesculture can be paradoxical The Gilded Age or Imperialism expansion examine the conflicting values that America held for each. The gilded age was a period in history that caused a vast transformation due to the increase of American industrialization. Values and attitudes toward The Gilded Age varied. The poor workers often saw the changed caused by the Gilded Age as corrupt, where the rich business men looked at it as a positive change. The poor laborers in the gilded age often viewed the change thatRead MoreThe Era Of The American Civil War2163 Words   |  9 Pagesbusinessmen to rise to power: those who dominated an entire industry, sometimes several markets. They were the hallmark of the so-called Gilded Age, which lasted from the end of reconstruction until the early 1900s. These men, known as Robber Barons, shaped the American economy, necessitating new laws to be signed to limit their power . Although there were only four main Barons (John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and J.P. Morgan), they controlled much of the economy with their fourRead MoreIs Democracy Throughout The United States Working?1189 Words   |  5 Pagesconsensus, to make meaningful decisions. This is an age where the right course of action has become too unpopular. And even though the vast majority of the American people, do not have much confidence in the current crop of political representatives in Washington D C, there is no real punishment or consequences, for the most part, facing these politicians, therefore they continue as if all is fine. Our democracy have had problems before. During Gilded Age 1, a period of rapid economic growth—except thenRead MoreApush- Monopolies968 Words   |  4 Pagesand the ability to control much within the United States. Their power and influence expanded and impacted the economic and political aspects of our nation. These corporations dominated American business and defined the American culture. The Gilded Age, a term coined by Mark Twain, was used to describe the conditions within the United States during this time. The nation was â€Å"lined with gold†, but had many struggles and obstacles that spread through the social, political, and economic aspectsRead More The Gilded Age Essays1610 Words   |  7 Pages When you are young and even well into your adult years people will tell you there will always be somebody who is smarter, faster, happier, or better at something than you are. This is true for all periods of time but in the Gilded Age those who were better gained more and more crushing the people below them with unprecedented greed, corruption, and power. The few exploited the many by way of opportunity. Something our nation was built on, yet the avaricious elite used it for evil methods. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;InRead MoreAmerican History: The Gilded Age Essay933 Words   |  4 PagesThe Gilded Age was the last three decades of the nineteenth century, when America’s industrial economy exploded generating opportunities for individuals but also left many workers struggling for survival. With the many immigrants, skilled and unskilled, coming to America the labor system is becoming flooded with new employees. During this period, the immigrants, including the Italians, were unskilled and the skilled workers were usually American-born. There was also a divide in the workers and theRead MoreThe United States Post Civil War1173 Words   |  5 PagesLondon in 1900. The substantial growth of the U.S economically can be contributed to a group of wealthy capitalists that ran businesses/industries and stimulated economic growth. However, historians have argued over whether these capitalists were â€Å"robber barons† that were corrupt and took advantage of the A merican people or â€Å"captains of industry† that helped the U.S grow at unparalleled speeds. Wealthy capitalists such as Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller were indeed â€Å"captains of industry† who enlargedRead MoreEssay On Gilded Age1218 Words   |  5 Pages01, 2017 Mid Term Exam SHORT ANSWER TOPIC: 1. Gilded Age In the last few decades of the nineteenth century, America stepped into innovation. The economic growth dramatically, new products, transportation systems and technologies improved. The wealth is highlighted by the American upper class such as Andre Carnegie, William A. Clark, John Jacob Astor, and many more. This might know as the â€Å"Golden Age†, however, most Americans called it the â€Å"Gilded Age†. This term was made by Mark Twain in 1873 . In

Women And Native Americans Face Problems - 1275 Words

Hello President Van Buren, in current day there are many reasons to why slaves, women and Native Americans face problems in America. Main reason to all three of them is discrimination and not giving each of these people equal rights. Considering most of America is concluded by these three majorities, it is unfair to not reflect to them in most of the events going on in America. Even though they all face similar difficulties, they also have very different issues they deal with on a daily basis. Slaves face the most severe issues in America. The reason slavery came to America is because the country needed assistance in the manufacture of profitable crops like tobacco. Slavery is present primarily because there is a serious need for work in the South. Many paid workers do not want to work in the circumstances that are present in Southern farms so the landlords of the plantations need workers who will do the work in any condition. Majority of the slaves are African and the reason for th at is because African slaves are favored by plantation owners so that they can effortlessly buy them from any seller in market for slaves. Another reason to why Africans are primarily slaves is because they were more immune to European diseases when first brought to America and were being sold by their own people. They are also known for being stronger than native’s or imported white slaves. Africans are better slaves than the Native Americans because they came from a progressive type ofShow MoreRelatedAlcohol Use And The Problems Associated With High Risk Drinking Among Native Americans1445 Words   |  6 Pagesuse and the problems associated with high-risk drinking among Native Americans/ Native Alaskan populations has taken a toll within this particular group of people. Alcohol was initially introduced to the Native American culture by white settlers who had arrived from Europe. Soon after the settler’s arrival, alcohol became a commodity used for trade with India ns for their crops. Alcohol prior to this introduction was not widely used but, this however made alcohol prevalent with Native people and itRead MorePersonal Counseling : Cross Cultural Counseling1534 Words   |  7 PagesCross-Cultural Counseling Sophia Henry American Public University Abstract For this assignment I chose counseling American Indians and Alaska Natives because it is the one group I have not studied or been around much. There is a huge population of American Indians and Alaska Natives in Washington where I currently live. I stay approximately 30 minutes from an Indian reservation. A few of the kids that attend the school I work at are Native American or an Alaska Native. I realized that when I firstRead MorePhilosophy / Vision Of Leadership1501 Words   |  7 Pages Philosophy/Vision of Leadership emphasizing current issues in native communities or communities serving native populations The current issues that are facing the Native Communities across United States is not the slot machines, movie sets or the football fields, as there many other problems facing the Native communities such as insidious, systemic, life or death problems; which will take years and many votes, marches to resolve the issue at hand. However, it will be given the attention to beRead MoreHiv / Aids : A Growing Problem Among American Indians And Alaska1731 Words   |  7 Pagestheir percentage of the populace. HIV/AIDs are a growing problem among American Indians and Alaska Natives (CDC). Some groups have higher rates of HIV in their communities, hence the rising of the new infections with each sexual or drug use encounter (CDC). Social, economic, and demographic factors including stigma, discrimination, revenue, education, and geographic regions- affect their risk for HIV. Due to American Indians and Alaska Natives small population the affects of HIV are not at all timesRead MoreThe United States And The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights Essay1421 Words   |  6 Pagesstandard of living compared to the rest of the nation s population. Natives have been cast into a low spot on the social chain ever since whites came from Europe and it still shows today but in different forms. American Indians/Alaska Natives face major disparities in both mental and physical health across the country. To start off, the physical state of health of Native Americans is far below the rest of the American people. They face more disease and death than any other population in the UnitedRead MoreEssay on Apache Indians1428 Words   |  6 PagesApache Prisoners of War The Chiricahuas, who were once one of the most feared Native American tribes of the southwest, became prisoners of war by the United States for a period of twenty seven years. This period of time was the longest captivity a Native American tribe had ever been imprisoned. The Chiricahuas imprisonment began in 1886, when the United States Army transported four hundred Native Americans from San Carlos and Fort Apache reservations to army posts in Florida (Davis). By 1887Read MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Old News By Deborah Miranda Essay1305 Words   |  6 Pagesgain. That is what happened to Native Americans over the course of American history. Due to the settler colonialism that laid the foundation of our nation, many Native Americans became the victims of horrific abuse and discrimination. As â€Å"whiteness† became the ideal in society, Native Americans lost their voices and the ability to stand up for themselves. Through her memoir, Bad Indians, Deborah Miranda reveals the t ruth of the horrific pasts of California Native Americans, and gives her ancestors’ storiesRead MoreAnalysis Of Colin G. Calloway s Book About The Lives Of The Natives1733 Words   |  7 PagesColin G. Calloway wrote a book about the lives of the Natives; how they lived before the American’s came to take their land, how they lived through that process, and how they lived shortly afterward. It addresses many challenges that they had to meet, along with what they did to thrive. The Natives coped with many of these challenges they faced due to their ability to work together, creating a working society. This working society was based on their roles and skills as individuals. Working as a well-oiledRead MoreSexual Violence And American Indian Genocide1168 Words   |  5 PagesAndrea Smith’s book Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide read passionately about Native American Indians experiences relative to violence and related topics. Part of Smithâ €™s goal is to aid understanding of Native women’s plight and spotlight how treating their sufferings separately was limiting the pain they lived through to this day. Smith pointed out that though other writers have keen interest in bringing native women’s plight mainstream, these writers fell short of taking anRead MoreSue Kerr, Author Of â€Å"When White Women Magazines Disregard1090 Words   |  5 PagesSue Kerr, author of â€Å"When White Women Magazines Disregard Indigenous Women of Color†, expresses her thoughts on Whirl Magazine and co-founder Christine Tumpson’s event logo’s effect on indigenous women in Pittsburgh. A women’s networking event hosted by Whirl was titled â€Å"POW WOW† which left native women feeling attacked. As a result, comments left on the event’s Facebook page regarding the truth behind the use of the acronym were taken down. As a result, a statement brought from Whirl stated that

Decision Making Styles and Leadership †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Decision Making Styles and Leadership. Answer: Introduction: Efficient leadership means identifying the needed objectives to reach the organisation or business goals and leadership also means to inspire others. Leaders must have a vision with collaborative attitude in order to form a team with team members. In this regard, creating a legitimate relationship with team members helps the team members to express themselves. Making rapport with the team members assists to know the team's concerns and in this case, team leaders can show the empathy. Showing empathy can create a good relation between leaders and team members. Team members need to share the vision and negative feelings should be omitted from the team (Northouse 2013). The best way to get better at it is with experience of the leaders. Leaders don't focus on leading other people as one should never set out to lead others. It is needed to set out to achieve a vision and inspire people. Leaders mainly work on those four fundamental attributes, especially independence effective thinking, decision making, creativity. If leaders already have a titled position, then, by all means, prioritize the people skills. The most important of these is recognising and managing them. Beyond that, leaders need to work on: communication, delegation, negotiation, and networking. As stated by Rowe and Guerrero (2013), the team leader is the final arbiter. Teal leaders inspire others by engaging people justly, managing employees within a team, acting with integrity and passion. Team leaders must have consistency in performance as consistent leaders must get respect and credibility by setting examples in the team. Consistency creates honesty in the team as team leaders must be honest in work and in communication. Leadership is all about breaking the obstacles with handwork and avoiding failure. In this regard, leaders need to assess the team members effectively that he/she must have a direction towards the goals and aim must be matched with organisational improvement. Leadership concept is related to the managing objectives of the organisation and team leaders can make the multidisciplinary team through which they can share their vision (Gill 2011). Within a team, it is very much needed to communicate with the right people and flexible communication sets the right attitude for the team. Leaders need to set an expectation for the team members and efficient communication with flexible approach can be helpful in order to fulfil the expectations. In addition, wi llingness to do the work for the organisation's betterment can be developing feature as leaders must believe in the idea of the idea of the organisational objectives. Leadership cannot be maintained only through features as it is important to maintain correct leadership style. A good leader can be autocratic, democratic or lassies fairer. However, good leadership can lead to the organisation to meet the objectives. In this regard, developing leadership capability can lead to a leader to be a transformational leader. This transformational leadership concept starts with meeting the vision and goals of the organisation (Kark and Shamir 2013). A transformational leader should have a clear vision as he/she must be clear what the team is going to achieve. In addition, as stated by McClesky (2014), transformational leaders should communicate effectively with the team members and everyone needs to understand the shared vision of the leaders. Transformational leaders can forecast the future of the organisation and they set the target in long-term basis as they have the courage to take the risks. As supported by Humphrey (2014), transformational leaders hav e the willingness to perform well with mitigating the risks with perfect decisions and they have the courage to take a vision, for others that can seem too impossible. One of the major features of transformational leaders is that they have similarity with democratic leaders as they both listen to the team members and they do not take the decision in one-hand. As opined by Mabey and Finch (2008), transformational leaders are self-motivated and they earn the fuels by the motivation. People who work with transformational leaders can sense the motivation and people become passionate in working with the leaders. Moreover, transformational leaders are inspiring through their deeds, works and knowledge. William Edwards Deming could be one of the finest examples of transformational leadership as he introduced Deming's quality management in the automobile sector. Not only inspiration to create personal passion, their vision can change the organisational defectiveness In this regard, transfor mational leaders know the employees very well who work with them and they make people to feel important and create the ability to give their best. Most importantly, transformational leadership style sets the standard with the organisation through communicating expectation, goals and vision, by following these, one organisation can gain success as works speak louder than words, leaders ability can evoke change. There is a conflict on if a good leader is born or is transformed has been the billion dollar question for all the assessors of a leader. The theory that best describes the leaderships is known as the trait theory. This theory argues that the certain trait or combination of traits is common factor among all the different leadership style. The physical and social characteristic as well the understanding of the leaders traits are identified among personality. With experiences and behavioural evolutions, one makes rises up to be a leader (Eseryel 2014). This particular essay analyses the two different approaches of leadership and combines the trait of the leaders. The most important part of democratic leaders is that they are people oriented. The political leaders have shown their traits as parallel to the democratic leaders. Through history, the democratic leaders have been shown their ruling pattern in their team. The leaders choose exceptional ways to achieve the goals and objectives of the organisation. They are more defined as a instrument to goal achievement (Prabhakar and Yaseen 2016). The leadership functions as the formal authority, as they are in charge of achieving the ultimate goal of a organisation. Cartwright and Zander (2014) viewed leadership as a function that encompasses the group members activities that a desired result is achieved. The democratic groups tend to sustain the democratic process. A democratic leader thinks of its people and their responsibility as well as its own. The status of the leaders does not matter to them. Rather they are more people oriented and take in to consideration about his team or group. The groups decision-making ability is dependent upon the democratic leaders. The democratic leader also take is in to consideration about the groups perspective in various situations (Mwenda and Wachira 2015). Different leadership style is effective in different situations. Not all kinds of leaders are equipped with the right kind of traits and tools that can manipulate or influence people in different situations. The willingness of skills and knowledge sharing people works best in terms of democratic group. A team where every individual feels valued and their opinion is solicited, as well as incorporated in the final decision are very important for this kind of leadership to execute the task. This leader also encourages a level of creativity while they also have a stake in increasing commitment of the individual member (Prabhakar and Yaseen 2016). For this kind of leader, the quality of work is more important than productivity and efficiency. Effective service industry has more concentration of this kind of leaders. In addition, there are many situations where they are not effective in defining the way. Where there are many roles or unclear role in process in place of leaders role, democr atic leaders are proved ineffective in their task (Iqba et al. 2015). Their friendship and group relationship matters most for these members. Where the job requires an individual to be monotones the democratic proves to be ineffective. The style is important for an organisation to share and induce the knowledge and ideas to be consulted. Hence, the new ideas get the approval of all the stakeholders in place. Thus, this leadership is also known as the participative leadership as the leaders participation is required in groups activity (Mwenda and Wachira 2015). There are many characteristics to democratic leaders that can be proved essential for controls and leading the team. This kind of leader initiates debate, encourage ideas to be brainstormed and makes the team member feel good about their position and work, an opposite compared to the autocratic leaders. They also develop creative solution for their problems and issues. The democratic leaders also opine their views and communicate the organisations vision with their groups members (De Board 2014). They take a clear vision in their mind about where they wants to see the organisation in the next few years. The democratic leaders also takes control of their teams and needs guidance and control from other authority. This kind of leaders takes in to consideration about the decisions that needs to be made. As the democratic leaders need to interact with the every individual member of their organisation, they must decide on the behaviour and what traits of people are fitted to the different organisational activity. The best example of a democratic leader is Steve Jobs, the creator of Apple Inc. He is one among the most celebrated participative leader in the world. The reason of the companys success is because the participation trait of the owner (Tucker 2017). In todays world, leadership requires new values. A leader is no longer a person who remains limited to making an inspiring and good speech but faces huge challenges politically, economically and environmentally. Thus, leader must possess the quality of convincing others for changing habits that are destructive, focus more on participation of people and ensure being good communicators (Schalock and Verdugo 2012). Unlike past, in todays world we face more threats from within therefore, focus and habits needs to change for reflecting the threats and as leaders one must have the moral and conviction for not only convincing people but also advocating a change which is positive. Thus, convincing people for ensuring positive changes like changing habits for better sustenance on earth makes a true leader. Recognition of leadership skills is important and followers must elect or choose leaders who provide a reflection of the moral values that they possess (Ishak and Bakar 2012). In todays world, poverty is a major challenge faced by the leaders. Although they make speeches but only few leaders incorporate the promises made and materialize them into plans for overcoming such plight. Thus, it is necessary for people to choose a leader who is able to incorporate positive changes. Todays leaders must possess the quality of listening to everyones solutions and inputs that includes both the youths as well as seniors. This will enable the leaders to understand the fresh view that they possess or have reached with the years of experience achieved. One of the professors of a renowned university in the United States has thus stated that leadership is necessary in the coming decade and one can find him (Sallis, E., 2014.). According to him, if people want a great leader then one should not imagine that it is a way of making everyone happy. However, this important issue needs consideration while contemplating leadership in the present world scenario. Things that have been decided and put to action might not impress everyone, but as long as the change the positive and positive change ensured people must accept with an open mind. Thus, leadership in todays world comprises of approaches that are not only open but also transparent and the visions and goals are communicated effectively so that everyone have the time for thinking about the changes that are incorporated (Rock 2014). However, challenges and styles of leaders will drastically change in years to come and the results believed to positive in ensuring a better and stronger future. However, according to me there are certain characteristics that I possess which ensures good leadership qualities. I possess the quality of honesty in all my dealings that reflects in all my doings. While working with a team I have the power of identification of the strengths of the team thereby helping me to capitalize which indicates my power of delegation. I have the power to succinctly and clearly communicate to the team about their vision and make them work towards achieving the goal thereby reflecting my strong communication skills. I am not only confident but also calm which an important quality of a leader is. I am also hardworking and is very much committed to what I do. Moreover, I possess positive attitude that will help me in keeping my team motivated. Apart from that, I am creative and handle situation that needs proper guidance and quick decision. I also have a strong intuition and the power of predicting things that are uncertain and possess higher risk. I possess the power to inspire others through achieve a positive approach towards life and work. Further, I believe in following an approach believed to be one of the key qualities of good leaders This kind of characteristics I believe is fit for transformational as well as democratic leadership. In transformation leadership, leader possesses the qualities of transforming his or her followers. Here the leaders are not only charismatic but also face challenges with clear purpose and excitement (Onorato 2013). They are also good communicators. In democratic leadership the leadership, share the decision making with his followers. The leaders here not only promote the needs and desire of the group members but also believe that everyone should belong to the process of decision-making. The leadership styles that I will be having are considered being the democratic leadership style as well as transformational leadership style. As a democratic leader, I would be encouraging as well as have the genuineness to seek the input of other individuals within a group. I will do the active promotion of sharing ideas, so that all individuals with varied proficiency levels as well as abilities are having the capability for putting forward their opinions. The key function of having the democratic leadership style will be revolving around the aspect of creating the structural aspect that is supporting as well as encouraging forethought. In respect of following the democratic leadership style, it would be necessary for me towards having engagement with the entire team in respect of making determinations of the activities as well as other methods (Choudhary 2013). The democratic structure does the most effective functioning when the roles as well as responsibilities are explained in a clear way. Moreover, I would provide a clear definition of the various methods that are there. For doing this, I would build a clear structure in respect of the democratic method as well as in what ways various decisions are being undertaken within the group. I would be interested in knowing the process to do the initiation of a discussion process as well as setting a timeline regarding when the decisions should be undertaken. I would also be inviting the viewpoints of others, In this regard, I would be establishing a structure to provide as well as assist feedback (Giltinane 2013). As a democratic leader within an organisation, I would be doing the distribution of responsibility among the team for facilitating participation in making decisions. I would also be empowering the team members so that they are able to do the accomplishment of their accountabilities. The aspect of empowerment will comprise of offering training as well as education essential regarding the completion of task that has been delegated. Another significant role of mine, as a democratic leader would be ensuring democratic forethought to make team decisions (Boykins 2013). This aspect will be explaining that as a democratic leader, I should be acting as a mediator as well as facilitator among the members of the team as well as ensuring that there occurs the maintenance of an organisational environment that is considered being healthy as well as respectful. As a transformational leader within an organisation, I would be having a vision of what I would be interested in achieving and also, the capability for communicating in a clear manner this vision within the establishment so that everyone will be having the capability for understanding what is required for actualizing this vision. As a transformational leader, I would require having the courage such as having the eagerness for taking on new challenging aspects, undertaking calculated risks, making decisions that are considered being tough as well as having the willingness to do the creation of a vision as well as making the tough decision essential for achieving my vision. A a transformational leader, I would be having the motivational traits that are considered being necessary. As a transformational leader, I would be having the capability for inspiring other individuals and convincing them to follow my vision and executing it on all the organisational levels. In this regard, another important trait that I would like to follow is having individual interaction (Hendriks 2014). As a transformational leader, I would be having the ability for influencing everyone in my team individually. Moreover, being a transformational leader, I would be setting a standard that I would like everyone in the organisation to be following. I would be communicating my vision in a clear manner, my expectations as well as, in what ways this standard will be getting carried out all through the establishment. I would also be required focusing my attention on the organisational team members as well as working hard for helping them in achieving their objectives. For managing the delivery of my vision, as a transformational leader, I would be required combining the efficient project management with the change management. This will assist me in delivering the changing scenarios that is required with the full assistance of my team members (Onorato 2013). I would also be communicating the roles as well as responsibilities of every team member in a clear manner as well as connecting these aspects to my plans. I should also be setting the SMART objectives in respect of all individuals, which will include certain short-term objectives helping them in staying encouraged. Reference List Boykins, C., Campbell, S., Moore, M. and Nayyar, S., 2013. An empirical study of leadership styles.Journal of Economic Development, Management, IT, Finance, and Marketing,5(2), p.1. Choudhary, A.I., Akhtar, S.A. and Zaheer, A., 2013. Impact of transformational and servant leadership on organisational performance: A comparative analysis.Journal of Business Ethics,116(2), pp.433-440. De Board, R., 2014. The psychoanalysis of organisations: A psychoanalytic approach to behaviour in groups and organisations. Abingdon: Routledge. Eseryel, U.Y., 2014. Open innovation/open source leadership. Abingdon: Routledge. Gill, R., 2011. Theory and Practice of Leadership (2nd ed), Sage Publications. Giltinane, C.L., 2013. Leadership styles and theories.Nursing Standard,27(41), pp.35-39. Hendriks, F. and Karsten, N., 2014. Theory of democratic leadership.P.'t Hart R. Rhodes (Eds.), Oxford handbook of political leadership, pp.41-56. Humphrey, R., 2014. Effective Leadership. theory, Cases and Applications. London: Sage Publications Iqbal, N., Anwar, S. and Haider, N., 2015. Effect of leadership style on employee performance. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 5(5), pp.23-25 Ishak, N. and Bakar, A., 2012. Qualitative data management and analysis using NVivo: an approach used to examine leadership qualities among student leaders.Education Research Journal,2(3), pp.94-103. Kark, R. and Shamir, B., 2013. The dual effect of transformational leadership: Priming relational and collective selves and further effects on followers. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition(pp. 77-101). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Mabey, C., and Finch-Lees, T., 2008. Management and Leadership Development. London: Sage Publications McCleskey, J.A., 2014. Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(4), p.117. Mwenda, L.K.M. and Wachira, A.W., 2015. Effects of Leadership Styles on Implementation of Organisation Strategic Plans in Small and Medium Enterprises in Nairobi. International Journal of leadership. 3(1), pp.54-98 Northouse, P. 2013. Leadership: Theory and Practice. (6th edition). London: Sage Publications. Onorato, M., 2013. Transformational leadership style in the educational sector: An empirical study of corporate managers and educational leaders.Academy of Educational Leadership Journal,17(1), p.33. Onorato, M., 2013. Transformational leadership style in the educational sector: An empirical study of corporate managers and educational leaders.Academy of Educational Leadership Journal,17(1), p.33. Prabhakar, G.V. and Yaseen, A., 2016. Decision-making styles and leadership: evidences from the UAE. International Journal of Management Development, 1(4), pp.287-306. Rock, D., 2014.Quiet leadership. HarperCollins e-books. Rowe, G.W. and Guerrero, L., 2013. Cases in Leadership. (3rd edition). London: Sage Publications. Sallis, E., 2014.Total quality management in education. Abingdon: Routledge. Schalock, R.L. and Verdugo, M.A., 2012.A Leadership Guide for Today's Disabilities Organisations: Overcoming Challenges and Making Change Happen. Brookes Publishing Company. PO Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285. Tucker, R., 2017. Democratic Leadership Preferred by Male Student Athletes in Middle School Athletic Programs. Sport Journal.

Using Infrared Technology to Determine the Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Soil

Literature review A number of literature reviews have been documented on using infrared technology to determine the hydrocarbons in contaminated soil. Ten literature reviews will be utilized in the research below. Their reliability had to be checked to ensure that they are scholarly.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Using Infrared Technology to Determine the Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Soil specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A New Perspective to Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy asserts that spectroscopy focuses on the analysis on infrared light as part of wavelength emanated, reflected, or spread from a substance (Ge et al. 2007). According to the authors, spectral measurement enables the assessment of the amount of light reflected or emanated from a gas, solid, or liquid. Analysis of Diesel Fuel Contamination in Soils by Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectrometry and Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chroma tography assert that because soil is assorted in nature the standard physicochemical assessment of its characteristics is costly and inefficient (Malley Hunter 2000). In this regard, Malley, Hunter, Madari, Reeves, and Machado suggest that the use of spectroscopy and regression analysis presents an appropriate way of assessing the hydrocarbons in contaminated soil (Madari, Reeves, Machado 2006). Mid-Infrared and Near-Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy for Soil Carbon Measurement propose that with the use of visible infrared light between the range of 350 to 2500 nm, the emission reflected from the soil crystals can be replicated alongside total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) substance of the impure soil (Mccarty et al. 2002). On the other hand, Mid-infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy for the Quantitative Analysis of Agricultural Soils asserts that the replica can be easily be exploited to compute the TPH from unknown soil samples (Reeves , Mccarty 2001). Moron and Cozzol ino suggest that environmental experts utilize TPH, which is a combination of dissimilar hydrocarbons, as a pointer of petroleum polluted soils (Moron Cozzolino 2003).Advertising Looking for dissertation on geology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Determining The Composition Of Mineral-Organic Mixes Using UV–Vis–NIR Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy, the use of infrared technology allows fast and cost-effective computation of TPH unlike the conventional approaches that are very expensive and time consuming (Rossel, Mcglynn, Mcbratney 2006). Development of Reflectance Spectral Libraries for Characterization of Soil Properties illustrates two distinctive absorption peaks (Shepherd Walsh 2002). The peaks are 1730 nm and 2310 nm. The peaks are illustrated as spectral autographs of hydrocarbon-bearing matter. On the other hand, Modelling of Soil Organic Carbon Fractions Using Visible–Near-Infrare d Spectroscopy focuses of a near infrared fiber optic chemical sensor. The apparatus is used for remote detection of hydrocarbons in soils (Vasques, Grunwald, Sickman 2009). On the other hand, Near-IR Reflectance Spectroscopy for the Determination of Motor Oil Contamination in Sandy Loam assesses motor oil polluted sandy loam soil (Stallard, Garcia, Kaushik 1996). The investigations are carried out using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. The investigations illustrate the benefits of adopting the technology for other forms of soil matrices. Methodology For this study, the data will be collected through field research. The method entails acquiring, 54 pots, sand, soil, seeds, contaminants, and the necessary apparatus for carrying out infrared spectroscopy. After the collection of the above materials, the pots would be divided into three parts. The pots would contain 50g to 100g of substances. Among the three parts, one part will comprise of soil. The second part would comprise of sand. The third part would comprise of a mixture of sand and soil. Thereafter, seeds of rapid growing grass will be planted in each pot. After some time, the contaminant would be introduced to some pots. Afterwards, the pots would be placed in an ideal environment where it will allow the grass to grow as desired. As the grasses grow, their progress would be monitored and documented. Eventually, the soil and sand samples in all the pots would be collected for analysis using the infrared technology.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Using Infrared Technology to Determine the Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Soil specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The samples will be carefully taken out of each pot and placed in sealed glass bottles. The purpose of placing the samples in enclosed glasses is to avoid hydrocarbon volatilization and safeguard the samples’ moisture status. Later, samples will be placed on ice before being taken to the appropriate labs. In the labs the samples will be stored in refrigerators with five degrees Celsius. In the labs, the contaminated soils would be assessed using infrared technology and other conventional approaches. To assess the reliability of infrared technology in comparison with other conventional EPA approaches, the labs will adopt an environmental monitoring tool. Through this, the broad accurateness of both methods would be obtained with ease. During the sampling process, 54 samples comprising of contaminated and non-contaminated samples would be utilized. All the samples would be gathered and scrutinized with the help of visible near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The visible near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy spectra of soil samples will be utilized in forecasting the TPH content in the samples. The above would be achieved with the use of PLS and BRT models. After the findings are collected from the lab, they will be compil ed and assessed using appropriate software. The software would enable the researchers to come up with tables, charts, or distribution plots. Thereafter, the data will be analyzed for accuracy. From these results, the researchers will be able to confirm infrared technology is more efficient compared with other conventional EPA approaches. References Ge, Y., Morgan, C. L., Thomasson, J. A., Waiser, T 2007, ‘A New Perspective to Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy: A Wavelet Approach’ Transactions of the ASABE, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 303-311. Madari, B. E., Reeves, J. B., Machado, P. L 2006, ‘Mid- and near-infrared spectroscopic assessment of soil compositional parameters and structural indices in two Ferralsols’ Geoderma ,vol. 136, no. 1, pp. 254-259.Advertising Looking for dissertation on geology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Malley, D. F., Hunter, G. R 2000, ‘Analysis of Diesel Fuel Contamination in Soils by Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectrometry and Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography’, Soil and Sediment Contamination, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 481-489. Mccarty, G. W., Reeves, J. B., Reeves, V. B., Follett, R. F., Kimble, J. M 2002, ‘Mid-Infrared and Near-Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy for Soil Carbon Measurement’ Soil science Society of America journal,vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 640-641. Moron, A., Cozzolino, D 2003, ‘Exploring the use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to study physical properties and microelements in soils’ Journal Of Near Infrared Spectroscopy, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 145-146. Reeves, J. B. , Mccarty, G. W 2001, ‘Mid-infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy for the Quantitative Analysis of Agricultural Soils’, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 766-772. Rossel, R. V., Mcglynn, R., Mcbrat ney, A 2006, ‘Determining the composition of mineral-organic mixes using UV–vis–NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy’, Geoderma, vol. 137, no. 1, pp. 70-80. Shepherd, K. D., Walsh, M. G 2002, ‘Development of Reflectance Spectral Libraries for Characterization of Soil Properties’ Soil science Society of America journal, vol. 66, no. 3, pp.988-989. Stallard, B. R., Garcia, M. J., Kaushik, S 1996 ‘Near-IR Reflectance Spectroscopy for the Determination of Motor Oil Contamination in Sandy Loam’, Applied Spectroscopy, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 334-338. Vasques, G. M., Grunwald, S., Sickman, J. O 2009, ‘Modeling of Soil Organic Carbon Fractions Using Visible–Near-Infrared Spectroscopy’, Soil science Society of America journal, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 176-177. This dissertation on Using Infrared Technology to Determine the Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Soil was written and submitted by user Cheyanne Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Your guide to saving for retirementÂÂ

Your guide to saving for retirement   Have you ever heard the phrase â€Å"It’s never too soon to start planning for the future†? It’s a good rule of thumb, especially when it comes to financial planning and saving for retirement. Sure, you may be at the very beginning of your career journey. You might feel as if it’s too soon for you to have to think about this subject, and that you have plenty of time to worry about planning for your retirement down the road. Still, it might be worth your time to reconsider when you should start. The truth is, most people put off saving for retirement way too long, and the end result is endless anxiety and fear that they’re ill-equipped to afford retirement. Unfortunately, in many cases, they may be correct.According to a recent Business Insider article, Americans just aren’t saving enough for retirement. Based on a study of over 5,000 individuals conducted by Merrill Lynch and Age Wave, one-third of all adults have zero retirement savings and 23% have less than $10,000 tucked away,  an insufficient sum to last through one’s retirement years- especially considering that advances in health care and elder care are making it easier to live longer lives. The article reports that the average American’s retirement goal is to have â€Å"security and the ability to live comfortably without fear of running out of money,† yet they are not doing the type of planning and saving required to make that a reality. Business Insider reports that the major reasons why so many folks struggle with retirement planning are as follows:Most people don’t have any financial role models.  Half of pre-retirees age 50 and older say they don’t have any positive role models when it comes to handling finances. Though some say they can turn to a parent or financial adviser for advice, 40% still don’t understand basic terms associated with retirement savings, such as IRA and 401(k).Most people consider money to o taboo to discuss openly.  Even in the era of Facebook oversharing, 57% of Americans still consider money a distinctly private matter. However, this mindset is shifting: In every category, millennials were more open to discussing taboo topics than people 50 and older.Financial decisions are second-guessed more than any other major life decision.  The study found that 39% of people think twice about money decisions more than anything else. Only 18% of people give pause to career-related choices above all else, and even fewer- a mere 15%- second-guess decisions about their health the most.You don’t have to have all of the retirement planning answers when you’re just starting out, especially since your financial needs, plans, and resources will likely evolve over time. That said, it is a good idea to start building responsible financial habits and behaviors early on and to always operate under the mindset that the money you earn is a valuable commodity and resource t hat you should treat responsibly. And above all- don’t forget that time tends to fly by faster than you think. Retirement isn’t quite as far off as it might seem.Consider taking advantage of the following strategies to help you jumpstart your retirement-saving planning.Get comfortable with saving.There’s an unfortunate tendency among young adults who are just starting out in their professional paths to treat each paycheck as a reservoir of disposable income, a specific amount of money that they have to spend until the next paycheck arrives. It’s a bad idea to get used to treating your income this way. But once it becomes a habit, it’s a tough one to break.Instead, try getting used to saving a percentage of your paycheck each week. 10% is a good place to start for most individuals. It’s okay to start small; the goal here is to get comfortable with the notion of saving. Try increasing the amount you save over time, or whenever your take home p ay increases. Do your best to avoid dipping into this growing pool of money for discretionary purposes. However, if you do hit an unexpected and unavoidable life expense, you’ll have this money to help see you through if needed.Explore workplace retirement savings options.The good news is that many companies offer retirement savings options as part of their employee benefit packages. Do you know what your options are? If not, spending some time researching your benefits or talking to an HR professional at your company is a wise investment. If your company offers a 401(k) savings plan, and any sort of fund matching benefit (even better), it’s certainly in your best interest to take advantage of the plan as soon as possible. Once you get through the initial paperwork to enroll, your contributions will be automatic- all you need to do is keep an eye on it periodically and make adjustments as needed. The value of your 401(k) will build over time, so it stands to reason tha t the earlier you start, the more money you’ll have saved for retirement down the road. Trust us, you’ll thank us later.Explore additional retirement savings options.Contributing to your company 401(k) is a great idea, but it’s often not enough- depending on your retirement needs, your plans should include some level of diversification. Although your may just be beginning to explore your retirement savings options, it’s never too early to get comfortable with the various investment vehicles available to you. These include stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and a Roth IRA account, in addition to your personal savings and 401(k). Once again, the key is diversification- spreading out your money in various areas in an effort to reduce your overall risk exposure in any one area.We recommend that you learn about how these investment tools work in general and how you can make them work for you as part of your long-term investment portfolio. There’s a wealth of research and information available online, and you may want to consult a financial professional to help you get started. As your savings grow, consider using one of these investment tools to allow your money to grow over time.Are you ready?Just thinking of retirement can be scary, let alone trying to figure out how to make it financially feasible. If you’re just getting started in your professional journey, the good news is that you do have some time to thoughtfully prepare for how to save for retirement- but the sooner you start, the better off you’ll ultimately be. Use the strategies presented here to help you kick start your retirement planning. Best of luck!

The Ultimate Value of Promoting Respect in Schools

The Ultimate Value of Promoting Respect in Schools The value of respect in school cannot be undersold.  It is as powerful of a change agent as a new program or a great teacher.  A lack of respect can be downright detrimental, completely undermining the mission of teaching and learning.  In recent years, it seems that a respectful learning environment is almost non-existent in many schools across the country. It seems that there is a handful of daily news stories highlighting disrespect levied against teachers by students, parents, and even other teachers. Unfortunately, this is not a one-way street. You regularly hear stories regarding teachers who abuse their authority one way or another.  This is a sad reality that needs to change immediately. Teachers and Respect How can teachers expect their students to respect them if they are not willing to be respectful to their students?  Respect must often be discussed, but more importantly, regularly modeled by teachers.  When a teacher refuses to be respectful to their students, it undermines their authority and creates a natural barrier that hinders student learning.  Students will not thrive in an environment where the teacher oversteps their authority. The good news is that most teachers are respectful towards their students on a consistent basis. Just a few decades ago, teachers were revered for their contributions. Sadly, those days are seemingly gone.  Teachers used to get the benefit of the doubt. If a student made a poor grade, it was because the student was not doing what they were supposed to be doing in class. Now, if a student is failing, the blame is often laid on the teacher. Teachers can only do so much with the limited time that they have with their students. It is easy for society to lay blame on the teachers and make them the scapegoats. It speaks to the general lack of respect for all teachers. When respect becomes the norm, the teachers are impacted significantly as well. Retaining and attracting great teachers becomes easier when there is an expectation of a respectful learning environment. No teacher enjoys classroom management. There is no denying that it is a critical component of teaching. However, they are called teachers, not classroom managers.  A teachers job becomes much simpler when they are able to utilize their time to teach rather than disciplining their students. This lack of respect in schools can ultimately be traced back to what is taught in the home. To be blunt, many parents fail to instill the importance of core values such as respect as they once did.  Because of this, like many things in todays society, the school has had to take on the responsibility of teaching these principles through character education programs.   Schools must intervene and implement programs that foster mutual respect in beginning grades. Instilling respect as a core value in schools will improve the overculture of a school and ultimately lead to more individual success as students feel safe and comfortable with their environment. Promote Respect in Schools Respect denotes both a positive feeling of esteem for a person and also specific actions and conducts representative of that esteem. Respect can be defined as allowing yourself and others to do and be their best. It is the goal of Any Where Public Schools to create a mutually respectful atmosphere between all individuals involved within our school including administrators, teachers, staff members, students, parents, visitors. As such, all entities are expected to remain respectful to each other at all times. Students and teachers especially are expected to greet each other with kind words and student/teacher exchanges should be friendly, in an appropriate tone, and should remain respectable. The majority of student/teacher interaction should be positive. All school personnel and students are expected to use the following words that show respect for another person at the appropriate times when addressing each other: PleaseThank YouYoure WelcomeExcuse MeMay I Help YouYes Sir, No Sir or Yes Maam, No Maam

LAW LLB - FAMILY LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

LAW LLB - FAMILY LAW - Essay Example KH, 2005). This is the universal and perhaps most comprehensive characterization of marriage. Among the most controversial aspects of this is the element of consent. This is encapsulated in the concept of contract. In a contract consent that is not tainted by force or coercion is essential to its validity. Consequently it is also a major of controversy for marriage. This is compounded by the fact that marriages as a social phenomena are diverse and multi faceted. The forces governing present society in the present have imposed significant challenges upon marriage. These adverse forces have given rise to a wide array of problems. Government today struggle tot to protect and uphold family and marriages by finding means to deal with the various problems that undermine them. This also challenges the state to uphold society’s many concepts of marriage while also containing negative elements attributed to it. Furthermore it has to strike the balance between its power to regulate soc iety, society’s right to culture and the welfare of its citizens. This is not a mundane task given the complexity involved and the magnitude of the harms involved society today. Among the malign realities faced by society today are â€Å"forced marriages.† This kind of marriage â€Å"is a marriage conducted without the valid consent of both parties, where duress is a factor. Duress can range from emotional pressure from family members, to threatening behaviour, abduction or imprisonment, and physical violence† (National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, 2008). In Great Britain alone the â€Å"Government’s Forced Marriage Unit, which handles approximately 5,000 enquiries and 300 cases per year concerning young British nationals at risk of being forced into marriage overseas, believes that forced marriage is another issue that remains vastly under-reported† (House of Commons Home Affairs Committee, 2008). This fact only establishes f urther the gravity of this problem. Not only that but this also significant prove that consent is a highly disputed aspect of marriage. Marriage in the Asian and Islamic cultures is heavily influenced by deeply rooted and long standing traditions. Religion and cultural values are integrated to form the notion of marriage. More importantly these form part of the norms of society. This has entrenched them and ensured their survival to the modern times. Among this practise is forced marriage. Given this socio – historical context forced marriages are not an issue for certain communities and have even proliferated (Muslim Arbitrational Tribunal, n.d.). This provides the socio – cultural roots of forced marriage. Forced marriage proliferates under in certain sectors of society whose cultural beliefs and practices provide the basis for it. It is also in these segments of the community that these are commonly practiced. In these conditions the concept of choice and is subserv ient to the values an traditions of a certain culture. â€Å"The motivations for forced marriages are complex and care must be taken to avoid over-generalisations. However, they do seem to fall broadly into three categories and the category that is perhaps the most common is where young men and women are found to be involved in a liaison which their families disapprove of. Irrespective of

Research on Author Bram Stoker Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

On Author Bram Stoker - Research Paper Example To be specific, the amalgamation of history, imagination and horror raises the novel Dracula to new heights of readership, and the novelist to popularity. Thesis statement: Bram Stoker’s writing style, with unique themes, symbols, metaphors, imagery, and character types, is symbolic of the Gothic horror genre in English Literature (special references to the novel Dracula). Short biography Bram Stoker was born in the year 1847, Clontarf in Ireland. His childhood was not so happy because he was forced to be bedridden due to sickness. Sue L. Hamilton states that Bram Stoker’s experiences (say, sickness) in his childhood helped him to be imaginative and creative as a writer (Hamilton 8). When he entered the Trinity College, he was able to overcome the past troubles. For instance, he proved himself as brilliant in athletics and academics. After graduation, Stoker entered the Irish Civil Service and remained as a civil servant for the next 10 years. His entry to the civil ser vice did not hinder him to make progress in his literary career. Besides, his relation with Henry Irving helped him to be in the limelight of Lyceum Theatre in London and his contribution to drama criticism was noteworthy. But Stoker was not ready to give up his ambition to be a writer and he decided to write novels. As pointed out, ill health in childhood and family influence in the early stages of life deeply influenced him and he was attracted towards horror novels. Carol A. Senf opines that Bram Stoker’s curiosity in learning science and horror maybe deeply rooted in his family background (Senf 50). For instance, one can easily identify that Stoker’s novels represent the horror (Gothic) novel genre in English Literature. Some of his novels are: The Snake's Pass (1890), Dracula (1897), Lair of the White Worm (1911), etc. After the marriage with Florence Balcombe in the year 1878, Stoker moved to London and worked as the manger of Lyceum Theatre, London. In London, S toker was able to be in the elite circle of writers. This relationship with writers like Sir Arthur Conan Doyle helped him a lot to fulfil his ambition to be a writer. Meanwhile, Stoker decided to conduct a world tour and visited the United States of America. The world tour boosted Stoker’s craftsmanship as a writer. For instance, in the United States of America, Stoker was able to meet Walt Whitman, one of his favourite writers. Besides, the American tour inspired him to select the same nation as the background of later works. Generally, Bram Stoker’s short stories and other novels apart from gothic novels are less appraised by critics. For instance, the novel Dracula is praised as one of the most important gothic novels in English Literature. Due to stereotyped characterization and less importance given to vividness, Stoker’s other works are generally less accepted. In addition, the high content of melodramatic elements that can be seen in Stoker’s nove ls and short stories reduce the scope of vivid characterization. But the craftsmanship shown by Stoker in describing places proves his craftsmanship as a novelist and short story writer. Bram Stoker passed away in 1912. Bram Stoker’s life history and his journey from Scotland to England are noteworthy because his profession as a theatre manger did not harm his ambition to be a writer. Instead, his profession boosted his ambition to b

Group Development Essay Example for Free

Group Development Essay First, here is a summary of the development stages of a team. In the forming stage, team members come togetherand form initial impressions. They socialize in order to get to know each other and bond with other team members. In the storming stage, team members experience hostility and infighting over tasks and how the team works. In the norming stage, team members start to come together and realize what needs to be accomplished. In the performing stage, team members are well-organized and well-functioningand maintain a positive balance. In the adjourning stage, team members achieve closure when the project is accomplished. At the end of the cask study the team is still in the storming phase of team development. The team has not fully come together. There is still some infighting with Mike and the presence of cliques is developing, for example, the situation in the cafeteria. Overall, I think there is tension within the team. Christine’s leadership abilities could benefit by having knowledge of the stages of group development. Aside from the very first meeting Mike was not present at any subsequent meetings. He missed out on the forming stage of team development. During this stage Mike could have talked with the team about his outside distractions, job and girlfriend, that may prevent him from fully participating at the meetings, and on the project. If Christine had some knowledge of team development she would have recognized this lapse in the forming stage and could have been able to address this issue with Mike before it became a bigger problem. Christine, as the team leader, could have pulled Mike aside and talked to him about the importance of attending the meetings. She could have spoke with him after the cafeteria incident to reassure him that he was not being excluded, but that all the team members being there was truly a coincidence. Also, she could have told Mike her opinion about how she felt he had a lot to offer the team, the value of his contributions and how it would help with the success of the team. PART II – Problem Identification The primary problem that appears in this case is Christine’s lack of knowledge in team development and as a team leader. The secondary problem is Mike’s unwillingness to contribute to the team. Since Christine did not have knowledge of team development or experience she was ineffective as the team leader. She could have organized the team better by assigning tasks’, scheduling meetings in advance, and possible scheduling a team building event to solidify the forming stage of development. Mike was the second problem to overall team success. Although Mike had issues outside of the team he should have talked to the team at the beginning and asked for assistance and support. After the incident in the cafeteria Mike simply walked away. He should have stayed for a few minutes and discussed the situation with the other members. I don’t fell Mike did his part to interact with the team to enhance the forming stage of development. After the first meeting he immediately set himself as an outsider. Christine as a leader must understand the each group of individuals is going to have its own personality, both individually and collectively. When you understand the needs of each member, and the dynamic that each one brings to the group, then and only then, are you able to develop a strategy to utilize team development to achieve the groups ultimate goal. The goal is to complete a quality project on time. If Christine’s knowledge of team synergy, social facilitation, and overall team effectiveness would have server her well in her role as project leader. Lastly, Christie needs to learn how to assign tasks based on the strengths, and weaknesses of each team member. Other members of the team each had something to offer, including Mike. He was classified as a clown. Clowns tend to be very spontaneous in their thinking; this is a possible source of new and innovative ideas. This should have been communicated to Mike as well as the rest of the team. PART III – Retrospective Evaluation In order for Christine to solve her primary problem two things need to occur. First, Christine should take a class in organization behavior. Understanding the team development process, as well as, team effectiveness, and teams in an organization will definitely help Christine. She will be able to understand, and identify positive and negative aspects of her project team and would have been able to implement steps to correct any deficiencies. The second aspect was Christine’s lack of effectiveness and her inability to integrate Mike into the team. After the first meeting which Mike attended, the problems started. Mike did not make meeting, and was submitting hand written notes. Christine should have structured a meeting that Mike could attend, or scheduled a team building social event. in addition, she could have started reviewing his notes with the other team members at the meetings since he was not there to do it himself. This would at least have given the other team members the knowledge that Mike was making an effort on his part of the project. PART IV – Reflection In my opinion Christine was presented with a challenge that was way above her level of experience. Her lack of knowledge in team development, and as a team leader was evident in the project team. The team did not make it past the storming phase, and therefore never fully developed into an efficient team. She failed to integrate one individual into the team. This caused friction within the team and left one section of the project incomplete with one week remaining until the deadline. Overall, I do not believe Christine was an effective group leader. REFERENCES 1. Schermerhorn, J.R. Jr.,Osborn, R.N., Uhl-Bien, M., Hunt, J.E., Organizational Behavior 12th Edition (2012), John Wiley Sons, Danvers, MA.

Hindu Custom of Marriage :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Hindu Custom of Marriage Hinduism began in Ancient India thousands of years ago. Hindu customs differ greatly from the ones we practice in the western world. This paper discusses the Hindu custom of marriage and the expectations of those to be wed. Men are expected to marry in order to carry on the family lineage. Women are encouraged to marry to help relieve their financial burden from their parents (Sullivan 135). A wedding occurs after a man has finished his studies, attained the permission of his teacher, bathed, and performed the ritual for homecoming. The father of the girl dresses and adorns his daughter, and receives 2-4 cows and bulls (O'Flaherty 101). The man and his wife to be walk around a fire seven times while they affirm their marriage vows to the accompanied verses from the Veda (Sullivan 135). The Lawbook of Manu contains a list of characteristics a wife should not have. She should not come from a family that has abandoned the rituals, a family with no boys, one that does not chant the Veda. Some more characteristics that are not acceptable are women with hairy bodies, who have consumption, weak digestion, bad memories, and also leprosy. Women that are redheads, have extra limbs, are sickly, bald, talk too much, are sallow, too fat or too thin, too tall or too dwarfish, past their prime, or lacking a limb or fond of quarreling are also not acceptable for marriage. An offensive name can determine a woman's worth. Bad names include ones that have to do with a constellation, tree, or river, low caste names, names of mountains, and birds or snakes. Slave names and fearsome names are also to be avoided. Women with these types of names are not to be married according to the characteristics that must be met for a woman to be acceptable for marriage. A woman fit for marriage should have complete limbs, a pleasant name, should walk like a swan or elephant, have fine hair on her body and on her head, delicate limbs, and should not have big teeth. A man should take a wife of the same class (O'Flaherty 101-102), but if a marriage does take place across caste boundaries, then it is almost always the woman marrying into a higher caste (Fuller 14).   Marriages are often arranged while the girl is only a child. The Manava Dharma Sastra and other legal texts "envision that a man of thirty marry a girl of twelve" (Sullivan 135).

Ap World History Units 1-3 Study Guide

Unit One 1. Consequences of the Neolithic Revolution didn’t includeEnd of hunting-gathering societies2. Most scholars believe that, during the Paleolithic Age, social organization was characterized byA rough social equality3. The earliest metal worked systemically by humans areCopper4. The spread of the Bantu-speaking peoples over southern Africa can be best explained by theirKnowledge of agriculture5. Characteristics of complex civilizationsSpecialization of laborTrade and cultural diffusionWritten languagesComplex political order and power6. Evidence proves that the MesopotamiansTraded extensively with peoples as far away as Anatolia, Egypt, & India7. Major effect of Neolithic RevolutionThe establishment of sedentary village communities8. Conditions for women in MesopotamiaGrew increasingly worse over time9. The division of the ancient people into social and gender hierarchies was first made possible byRise in agricultural production10. Ethical monotheism was the tradition of theHebr ews11. Hammurabi’s code was based on the concept of â€Å"lex talionis† but the punishments were shaped byThe social standing of the accused2. The Hittites who were the most influential ancient Indo-European migrants into southwest Asia are credited forHorse-drawn chariotsMetallurgyMigrating from southern RussiaDefeating the Babylonians13. The society who began the custom of embalming to preserve the body for its life after deathEgypt14. Which metal was most important in transforming agricultural societies into large urban civilizations?Iron15. In which society did women enjoy the most freedom and opportunity?Egypt16. In tribes which, as early as 3000 BCE, began to spread their language and agricultural techniques throughout Africa were theBantu17. The Chinese philosophy that promoted strict social and political control was* Legalism18. Social distinctions in Early River Valley civilizations were* Less pronounced than in Neolithic19. By spreading their language across a huge stretch of Africa, the Bantu played a role similar to that played by* Indo-Europeans20. The Bantu probably began their migrations because of* Population pressures21. Much of the early Harappan history remains a mystery because* The archeological remains are under water22. The biggest military advantages of the Indo-Europeans was* Their horses23. Most of our information about the early Aryans comes from the* Vedas24. Correct groupings of early societies and their rivers* Mesopotamia – Tigris & Euphrates; Egypt – Nile; Harappan – Indus; China – Huang He25. Harappan society* Most of their houses featured private showers and toilets* They traded extensively with the Mesopotamians* They had social distinctionsThey produced representational art 26. Group that retained much more influence on family structure in China than in other early civilizations* The extended family27. The Chinese concept of the â€Å"Mandate of Heaven† was sometimes used to justify* Rebellion28. Early China enjoyed lasting direct long-distance trade with* None29. Ritual bloodletting was crucial to Maya rituals because* It was associated with rain & agriculture30. The most characteristic artistic creation of the Olmecs were* Colossal human heads sculpted with basalt31. The Aryans affected the Indian sub-continent by A common written language* Adding race to the caste system* Establishing the Silk Road trade* Advanced use of technology32. Which of the following mathematical concepts, essential for positional notation and the manipulation of large numbers, was invented by Mayan mathematicians?* Zero33. The ultimate source of wealth in any agricultural society is* Land34. This passage from the Upanishads explain what Hindu concept? â€Å"According as a man acts and walks in the path of life, so he becomes. He that does good becomes good; he that does evil becomes evil. †* Karma35. Which early Mesopotamian ruler believed that the gods had chosen to â€Å"promote the welfare of the people†¦ (and) to cause justice to prevail in the land†?* Hammurabi36. During the time of the Aryans the Indian political landscape was characterized by* A series of small kingdoms37. Contributions of the River Valley Civilizations* Metallurgy in agriculture, welfare and art* The wagon wheel* Written forms of communication* The calendar and the 60-second minute38. What two River Valley civilizations are most alike as far as their use of regionalism and the decentralization of political power?* Olmec and Chavin39. Confucian social order* Loyalty to the ruler* Filial obedience to one’s father* Respect of younger brother to older brother* Respect of husband to wife40. Women were important contributors to the agricultural revolut ion because they were likely the* Gender who gathered edible plants and grew various grains41. Shang and Zhou China originated the â€Å"Mandate of Heaven† primarily* As a way to demonstrate the divinity of the emperor42. The government structures of early Mesopotamia and Egypt* In both civilizations power was concentrated in the hands of a king who was considered a god43. The Chinese copied their chariots from* The steppe nomads44. The Period of Warring States refers to the * Chaotic last centuries of the Zhou dynasty 45. The early Chinese shipped textiles and metal goods to the ancestors of the Turks and Mongols in the steppes and received what in return?* Horses46. Which of the following is a key philosophical and religious element of Daoism?* Emphasis on harmony between humanity47. Which of the following describes the major effect of Bantu migrations?* Cultural commonalities in sub-Saharan Africa48. Confucius argued that* Educations is essential to becoming a refined gentleman49. The device the ancient Olmec build in order to trap silt carried by the numerous rivers passing through the Mesoamerican lowlands* Terraces50. The proper order from top to bottom of the original Aryan caste system?* Priests, warriors, farmers/merchants, laborers, polluted laborers51. One key role of the caste system which was unlike other systems of social inequality in the ancient world was that the caste system* Served to maintain order and stability as political systems did in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China52. What p urpose do scholars believe paleolithic Venus figurines served? The figurines reflect a deep interest in fertility necessary for the generation of the new life 53. A key geographic difference between ancient Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Harappan, and Chinese society was thatEgypt and China were more isolated and therefore protected by their environment than there were the Mesopotamians or Harappans54. Olmec and Mesopotamian political traditions are an example of* Decentralized monarchy55. Because of the immense size of the Zhou state, its emperors were forced to* Institute a feudal system of the governmentUnit Two1. An important reason for the fall of the Roman, Han, and Gupta empires was * Intensified invasions and security issues along their frontiers 2. Before 500 C. E. Judaism and Hinduism were similar in that both * Had written scriptures and an ethical code to live by 3. In organizing their empire, Persian rulers relied heavily on techniques of administration from the * Mesopotamians 4. The Medes and Persians were originally * Indo-European tribes 5. The classic Persian governmental approach was * An enlightened an tolerant one 6. The Persian legal code was designed to * Codify laws of the subject peoples 7. The center of the Persian communications network was * The Royal Road 8. Basic tenets of Zoroastrianism that influenced later religions * The belief in heaven and hell * The encouragement of high moral standards * The doctrine that individuals will undergo a final judgment * The belief that each individual plays a key role in determining his or her spiritual destiny 9. The Qin and Han dynasties * Went further than the Persian emperors in their efforts to foster cultural unity 10. Confucian terms * Ren – benevolence * Xiao – filial piety * Dao – way * Junzi – superior individuals 11. The philosophy that criticized the social activism, and instead, proposed a life of reflection and introspection was * Daoism 12. What was the school of philosophical thought that returned order to China after the Period of Warring States? * Legalism 13. Qin Shihuangdi’s most important contribute to China was * Establishing a precedent for centralized imperial rule 14. The Han philosophy of rule was * A contribution of Qin policies of centralizations 15. In 124 B. C. E. , Han Wudi transformed China by * Establishing an imperial university 16. Which popular treatise emphasized humility, obedience, subservience, and devotion to their husbands as the virtues most appropriate for women? * Admonitions for Women 17. As the Han dynasty became more powerful and wealthy, * The gap between rich and poor grew dangerously large 18. The Indian political scene changed dramatically in 520 B. C. E. when new administrative techniques were introduced after the invasion of the * Persians 19. The rock and pillar edicts were issued by Ashoka 20. One of the biggest financial problems of the later Mauryan period was the ruler’s decision to * Debase the currency 21. Politically, the Guptas * Left local government and administration in the hands of their allies 22. The success and timing of trade, through the Indian Ocean basin, largely depended on * Understanding the rhythms of the monsoon winds 23. One of the biggest transformations of the caste system during this period was * The rise of guilds, which essentially served as jati 24. The greatest social contribution of the Jains was The fact that they did not recognize social hierarchies based on caste 25. When Krishna tells Arjuna, in the Bhagavad Gita, â€Å"Having regards to your own duty, you ought not to falter, for there is nothing better for a Kshatriya than a righteous battle,† he is referring to what Hindu principle? * Dharma 26. The political structure of the ancient Greeks * Usually considered of independent, autonomous city-states 27. The Greeks used the word polis to refer to the * The city-state 28. Athenian democracy was open to * All Athenian citizens 29. Events that occurred during the time of Pericles * Athenian democracy reached its high point Athens became the most sophisticated of the poleis * Athenian expansion and arrogance helped spark the Peloponnesian War * Athens underwent a massive building program 30. Affects that came about because of Greek colonization * An increase in the size and diversity of trade * The spread of Greek language and cultural traditions * A quickening of the tempo of social life * Increased contact with other societies 31. Consequences of the Neolithic Revolution * Incidence of disease increased * Widening gender differences * Rapid increase in human population * Increase in reliable food supply 32. In The Republic, Plato proposed that the true rulers of society should be * Philosopher kings 33. The Roman policy toward conquered peoples was * Generous with potential for citizenship 34. The Roman policy of toleration and respect for conquered peoples was most similar to the * Persians 35. The land route of the silk roads ran from the Han capital of _____________ to the Mediterranean port of _____________. * Chang’an; Antioch 36. Latifundia were * Enormous plantations worked by slaves 37. After naming himself dictator in 46 B. C. E. Julius Caesar * Launched large-scale building projects in Rome Extended Roman citizenship to peoples in the imperial provinces * Appointed some Gauls to the Roman senate * Seized the land from the conservatives and distribute it to his army veterans 38. The reign of Augustus inaugurated a period known as paxromana in which caused * Common coinage * Common language * Greco-Roman art * Stoicism 39. Foundations of Roman Law * The principle that defendants were innocent until proven guilty * The notion that defendants had a right to challenge their accusers before a judge in a court or law * The ability of judges to set aside laws that were inequitable 40. The information that Zhang Qian brought back encouraged Han Wudi to destroy the Xiongnu and lay out the foundations for the * Silk roads 41. The fact that by the first century C. E. southeast Asian kings called themselves rajas shows how they were influenced by the * Indians 42. By around the year 600 C. E. , the ravages of epidemic diseases had caused both the Mediterranean and Chinese populations decrease by * At least a quarter 43. In the year 184 C. E. , peasant discontent in China led to an uprising known as the * Yellow Turban rebellion 44. With the collapse in political order after the fall of the Han Empire, * Daoism and Buddhism became much more popular 45. The Roman Empire was divided into two parts by * Dio Cletian 46. The social distinctions in Early River Valley civilizations were * Did not exist as they did in pervious times 47. After the collapse of the western half of the Roman Empire, imperial authority survived for another thousand years in the * Byzantine Empire 48. Major effect of Bantu migrations * Cultural commonalities in sub-Saharan AfricaUnit 3: Part I1. Agricultural production increased throughout medieval Europe mainly esult of a * A heavier plow * Water and wind powered mills 2. Arabic conquests of Mesopotamia and Persia influenced the women in the Islamic world by making * Society more patriarchal 3. Characteristics of the medieval period of Europe * Political order through feudalism * Economic order through manorialism * Religious order through Church * Expanded trade and education 4. The expansion of communication and trade networks in Afro-Eurasia from 600 C. E. to 1450 C. E. resulted in the spread of what from South Asia? * Technological and scientific concepts such as decimal and zero 5. Foot binding is probably the best example of * The increasingly patriarchal nature of Chinese society 6. During the Tang and Song periods, the imperial â€Å"examination system† * Expanded and filled posts based on intellectual ability and merit 7. When comparing northern and southern India during the postclassical era, it can be stated that * The south suffered through far fewer invasions than the north did 8. The success of the Byzantine â€Å"theme system† was most dependent upon * Promoting rural agriculture with few imperial restrictions 9. Islam became very popular in India and within different segments of Hindu society because * It emphasized equality and it was less exclusionary than Hinduism 10. The term â€Å"samurai† describes men in feudal Japan who were most like these men in Europe * Knights 11. Gender relations up to 1000 C. E. * In some societies, women enjoyed more rights than in others 12. The impact of commercial trade during this period * Technology, crops and religious ideology spread from China in the east to Europe in the west while also connecting India, the Middle East and Africa’s Swahili coast 13. Constantinople Was constructed by Constantine * Allowed the imperial court to keep watch on the Sasanid Empire in Persia * Was built because the eastern half was the wealthier and more productive part of the empire * Allowed the imperial court to keep watch on Germanic tribes on the Danube 14. The items Marco Polo encountered at Kublai Khan’s court and described to Europeans * Paper money * Food stocks – noodles * â€Å"Black stones† – coal * Gunpowder 15. Middle Eastern trade in the period between 1000 to 1400 * A unified Islamic Empire which eliminated tariffs and encouraged trade 16. Justinian’s most significant long-term accomplishment * He regulated and established a new uniform legal code for his empire 17. Comparison of the political systems in western Europe and China during the time period 1000 – 1300 * Western Europe developed multiple monarchies while China maintained a single empire 18. After the fall of Rome, the only real institutions of learning in Western Europe were the * Christian monasteries 19. Hagia Sophia was * The magnificent church at Constantinople 20. Major public work that was first constructed by emperor Yangdi during the Sui Dynasty in China * The Grand Canal 21. A result of the Viking raids on Europe from the 8th to the 10th centuries was that * Europeans organized into feudalistic societies for protection 22. In 1054 the pope in Rome and the patriarch in Constantinople * Mutually excommunicated each other 23. Charlemagne * He expanded the Frankish territory * He supported education and literacy * He instituted the missi dominci * He established his capital in Aachen 24. Guilds during the Late Medieval period Admitted women as members 25. Relationships between Islam and the influence it received from other cultures * India – mathematics & economics * Persia – literacy works & politics * Greece – philosophy & medicine * China – paper, cotton & silk 26. The main Indian influence on Islamic thought was in the field of * Mathematics 27. Major result of the Christian Crusades * Europeans were introduced to new technology, trade and cultural exchanges 28. Common feature of most Middle Eastern, Asian and European societies during the period of 1000 to 1450 * A close association with religion 29. The most striking difference between the Tang and the Song dynasties affecting their survival was * The differing ways they chose to deal with nomads on their frontiers 30. The two major sources of stability during the Medieval period of Europe * Feudalism and the Catholic church 31. In regard to political structure, postclassical India * Developed no single centralized imperial authority 32. An invasion in 451 C. E. , by the White Huns, began the collapse of the * Gupta dynasty 33. In 711, the northern Indian area of Sind fell to the * Umayyad dynasty 34. The most important new crop introduced to China during the Tang and Song periods was * Fast-ripening rice 35. The primary difference between Shiite Muslims and Sunni Muslims is a disagreement over * The leadership of the Muslim community after Muhammad’s death 36. The Indian ruler Harsha was known for * His Buddhist faith and his benevolent treatment of his subjects 37. Legacy of the Vikings during the medieval period * Feudalism * Exploration * Warfare * Shipping technology 38. The Abbasid Dynasty differed from the Umayyad Dynasty in that * It was not a conquering dynasty 39. The Delhi sultans were Never able to expand their control beyond northern India 40. The Crusades by European Christians at the end of the eleventh century were motivated primarily by * Efforts to unite religious power and retake control of Jerusalem and the Holy Lands 41. An example of interaction among Indian, Arab and European societies by 1200 was the transfer of * Numerals and decimal system 42. The Tang planned to avoid the concentration of land by the wealthy by implementing the * New economic planning system 43. Zheng He was * The Chinese admiral who made seven journeys of exploration 44. Hindu temples Played an important role in the agricultural and financial development of southern India 45. Major reason for the rapid expansion of Islam during the 7th & 8th centuries * The advanced military technology of the Islam forces 46. India was a natural location for the establishment of emporia because of * Its central locations in the Indian Ocean basin 47. Achievements of the Early Middle Ages * A restoration of political order through a feudal system * Some economic recovery because of agricultural advancement * The creation of an institutional framework for the Christian church based in Rome 48. The adoption of the Neo-Confucianism by the Ming dynasty during the 14th century was primarily motivated by the * Need for competent government administrators 49. The Byzantine Empire achieved * The conversion of many Slavic peoples to Christianity 50. Islamic & Chinese empires in the postclassical period (700 – 1200 C. E. ) shared a characteristic of * Extensive urbanization & maritime trade 51. Most important effect of Islamic expansion on the civilizations of medieval Europe * The transmittal of Greek & Arab learning 52. The development and spread of Christianity and Buddhism both * Were outgrowths of other religions * Were aided in their spread by the trade networks * Developed monastic orders * Venerated people of high spiritual merit 53. In medieval society, political power was vested in * Local authorities 54. The most important relationship in feudalism was between * Lord and retainerUnit 3: Part 21. The largest empire of all time was created by the * Mongols 2. The Inca quipu was * A record keeping device consisting of small cords with knots 3. The political power of the khans was based on Indirect rule through the leaders of allied tribes 4. In an effort to strengthen the Mongol fighting forces, Chinggis Khan * Formed new military units with no tribal affiliations 5. Who made a famous pilgrimage to Meca in 1324 – 1325? * Mansa Musa 6. Khubilal Khan’s military and imperial pursuits * Had little success when he tried to conquer Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, and Japan 7. Ethiopian Christianity * Retained both traditional African and Christian beliefs 8. The Mongols brought greater integration among Eurasian peoples by * Increased trade * Resettlement of conquered peoples Diplomatic missions 9. Devastation wrought by the bubonic plague played a key role in the fourteenth century collapse of the * Yuan dynasty 10. The introduction of a new crop about 400 C. E. encouraged a fresh migratory surge in Africa. What was the crop? * Bananas 11. The first European nation to dominate trade with Asia was * Portugal 12. By the middle of the first millennium B. C. E. , the Bantu had begun to produce * Iron 13. The late fourteenth century Turkish ruler who weakened the Golden Horde, sacked Delhi, and launched campaigns in southwest Asia and Anatolla, was * Tamerlane 14. One of the central factors in the establishment of trans-Saharan trade was * The domestication of the camel 15. By the tenth century C. E. , the kings of Ghana had converted to * Islam 16. Foundations of Mali’s power * Control over trans-Saharan trade * A strong cavalry * A series of powerful kings 17. During the period of Mongol domination, * Long-distance trade became much less risky 18. In regard to political structure, the Aztec empire * Had no elaborate bureaucracy 19. Just as the kingdoms of west Africa depended on trans-Saharan trade, the kingdoms of east Africa depended on * Indian Ocean trade 20. The Ilkhanate in Persia began a rapid decline in the 1200s * After the government issued paper money 21. Since there was no concept of private ownership of land in sub-Saharan Africa, * Slave ownership formed an important aspect of determining personal wealth 22. Historians estimate that between 750 and 1500 C. E. , the number of slaves transported north as part of the trans-Saharan slave was * Ten million 23. In the five centuries after the year 1000 C. E. , the peoples of the eastern hemisphere * Traveled and interacted more intensively than ever before 24. By 1750, all parts of the world participated in a global trade network in which European’s played dominant roles except * Australia 25. Khubilal Khan employed Marco Polo in administrative posts * Because he did not entirely trust his Chinese subjects 26. When Pope Innocent IV sent envoys to invite the Mongols in an alliance against the Muslims, * The khans declined and in turn told the Christians to submit to Mongol rule or be destroyed 27. Ibn Battuta was able to travel so extensively because * His religious and legal training allowed him to serve as qadi 28. Product that had a new impact during this period of increasing interaction * Silk 29. The North American Indian societies * Possessed no form of writing 30. Common results of a bubonic plague * A decline in trade * A decline in population * Peasant rebellions caused by efforts to freeze wages 31. The Yongle Encyclopedia * Represented the Ming rulers’ interest in supporting native Chinese cultural traditions 32. Central to the Renaissance thought beginning in northern Italy was * A fascination with the ancient world 33. Mali became the wealthiest kingdom in sub-Saharan Africa because of * Its control of the gold trade 34. Humanist moral philosophers believed that * People could lead morally virtuous lives while participating in the world 35. Under Spanish rule of the Philippines, the native population * Was pressured to convert to Roman Catholicism 36. In regard to exploration, Prince Henry was to Portugal what _________ was to China. * Wan Li 37. The Toltec state collapsed by around 1175 because * Of a combination of civil conflict and nomadic invasion 38. The chinampa system refers to * The Aztec practice of dredging fertile muck from the lake’s bottom 39. In regard to gender issues in sub-Saharan Africa, Women had more opportunities open to them than did their counterparts in other societies 40. Rulers among the Mexica were chosen by * A council made up of the most successful warriors 41. A Mexica woman who died in childbirth * Won the same fame as warriors who died valiantly in battle 42. The Aztecs viewed human sacrifice * As an essential ritual to ensure the world’s survival 43. North American societies * Developed on a relatively small scale 44. In regard to political structure, the early Bantu societies * Governed themselves mostly through family and kinship groups 45. The Inca imposed order By taking hostages from the conquered tribes’ ruling classes 46. Hallmark of Hongwu’s rule * The reestablishment of Confucian education * Extensive use of the civil service system * The reestablishment of the civil service system 47. The cultural and religious traditions of the Australian aborigines * Did not diffuse much beyond their own regions 48. During the early modern era, which of the following non-European peoples explored the Indian Ocean? * Chinese 49. In sub-Saharan Africa, an age grade was * A publicly recognized group that performed tasks based on their strength and maturity 50. Main inspirations for European exploration * The desire to conquer China and India 51. The invasions of the nomadic Turkish and Mongol tribes between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries * Facilitated greater cross-cultural communication and integration 52. Reasons for the European interest in finding a maritime trade route * The spread of the bubonic plague made the silk roads more dangerous * The high prices charged by Muslim merchants * The demand in Europe for items such as Indian pepper and Chinese ginger 53. The Reconquista came to an end in 1492 when * The Muslim kingdom of Granada fell to Spanish Catholic forces 54. Chinese inventions * Sternpost rudder and magnetic compass 55. The profitable merchandise that Vasco da Gama purchased in India was made up of * Pepper and cinnamon 56. The Portuguese dominance of trade was dependent on their ability to * Force merchant ships to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties 57. In the end, Portugal was unable to maintain its early domination of trade because * It was a small country with a small population 58. Advantages that the English and Dutch had over the Portuguese * They possessed faster, cheaper, and more powerful ships * They created joint-stock companies * They were wealthier countries 59. The Dutch policy in Indonesia was * To control the production of spices 60. The country that finished the Seven Years’ War with global hegemony was * England 61. In the long term, the Columbian exchange * Increased world population because of the spread of new food crops 62. From 1500 to 1800, the largest contingent of migrants consisted of * Enslaved Africans