The Gilded Age Of The Robber Barons - 1851 Words

As we move closer to the 2016 national elections in the United States, claims of a growing wealth gap between the supposed â€Å"haves† and â€Å"have-nots† becomes more pronounced. Democratic Presidential candidate Hillary Clinton even went so far as to caution us that we are advancing towards a repeat of the â€Å"Gilded Age of the robber barons†. The insinuation in this claim creates a perception that there are a growing number of individuals within American society using questionable methods to increase their wealth, all at the expense of the not so fortunate. So-called culprits of these activities are often referred to as the â€Å"top 1 percent†; a term gaining a strong foothold in our current vernacular. Although the existence of an income inequality gap is evident, subjectively misinterpreted data is the primary culprit driving the perception that the income inequality gap is expanding. A brief look at history validates that an income inequality gap between the wealthy â€Å"haves† and those viewed as â€Å"have-notes† has existed for hundreds of years. Consider for a moment the French revolution that occurred during 1789. Prior to this event, French society consisted primarily of three estates made up of the clergy, nobles, and those viewed as the common people. Individuals could not move up the social ladder as access to those positions and their related privileges were determined by birth. Government policies such as the assignment of taxes based on the inequality between the estates wereShow MoreRelated`` The Jungle `` : Social Injustice And Unfair Treatment Of The Working Class1128 Words   |  5 PagesThe Gilded Age in American History was a time period of great controversy. Those in wealthier classes believed the changes that had been made socially were for the best. For instance, Andrew Carnegie in the The Gospel of Wealth sees the industrial ization in a positive light. He, along with other Robber Barons of the late nineteenth-century are the ones that created the idea of a â€Å"Gilded Age†. His class of folks believed their contributions to society was bringing back a Golden Age. Carnegie, thoughRead MoreThe Gilded Age Of The Nineteenth Century And The Succeeding Period887 Words   |  4 PagesTwo prominent eras of American History were the Gilded Age at the end of the nineteenth century and the succeeding period, the Progressive Era. The Gilded Age, also know as the Second Industrial Revolution, was a peak of high economic development with the rise of technological advancements in a free market environment, meaning that the economy was driven by self-interest instead of government authority. Besides its economic growth, the Gilded Age handle changes in social divisions. After the abolishmentRead MoreThe Gilded Age And Imperialism Expansion1827 Words   |  8 Pagesculture can be paradoxical The Gilded Age or Imperialism expansion examine the conflicting values that America held for each. The gilded age was a period in history that caused a vast transformation due to the increase of American industrialization. Values and attitudes toward The Gilded Age varied. The poor workers often saw the changed caused by the Gilded Age as corrupt, where the rich business men looked at it as a positive change. The poor laborers in the gilded age often viewed the change thatRead MoreThe Era Of The American Civil War2163 Words   |  9 Pagesbusinessmen to rise to power: those who dominated an entire industry, sometimes several markets. They were the hallmark of the so-called Gilded Age, which lasted from the end of reconstruction until the early 1900s. These men, known as Robber Barons, shaped the American economy, necessitating new laws to be signed to limit their power . Although there were only four main Barons (John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and J.P. Morgan), they controlled much of the economy with their fourRead MoreIs Democracy Throughout The United States Working?1189 Words   |  5 Pagesconsensus, to make meaningful decisions. This is an age where the right course of action has become too unpopular. And even though the vast majority of the American people, do not have much confidence in the current crop of political representatives in Washington D C, there is no real punishment or consequences, for the most part, facing these politicians, therefore they continue as if all is fine. Our democracy have had problems before. During Gilded Age 1, a period of rapid economic growth—except thenRead MoreApush- Monopolies968 Words   |  4 Pagesand the ability to control much within the United States. Their power and influence expanded and impacted the economic and political aspects of our nation. These corporations dominated American business and defined the American culture. The Gilded Age, a term coined by Mark Twain, was used to describe the conditions within the United States during this time. The nation was â€Å"lined with gold†, but had many struggles and obstacles that spread through the social, political, and economic aspectsRead More The Gilded Age Essays1610 Words   |  7 Pages When you are young and even well into your adult years people will tell you there will always be somebody who is smarter, faster, happier, or better at something than you are. This is true for all periods of time but in the Gilded Age those who were better gained more and more crushing the people below them with unprecedented greed, corruption, and power. The few exploited the many by way of opportunity. Something our nation was built on, yet the avaricious elite used it for evil methods. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;InRead MoreAmerican History: The Gilded Age Essay933 Words   |  4 PagesThe Gilded Age was the last three decades of the nineteenth century, when America’s industrial economy exploded generating opportunities for individuals but also left many workers struggling for survival. With the many immigrants, skilled and unskilled, coming to America the labor system is becoming flooded with new employees. During this period, the immigrants, including the Italians, were unskilled and the skilled workers were usually American-born. There was also a divide in the workers and theRead MoreThe United States Post Civil War1173 Words   |  5 PagesLondon in 1900. The substantial growth of the U.S economically can be contributed to a group of wealthy capitalists that ran businesses/industries and stimulated economic growth. However, historians have argued over whether these capitalists were â€Å"robber barons† that were corrupt and took advantage of the A merican people or â€Å"captains of industry† that helped the U.S grow at unparalleled speeds. Wealthy capitalists such as Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller were indeed â€Å"captains of industry† who enlargedRead MoreEssay On Gilded Age1218 Words   |  5 Pages01, 2017 Mid Term Exam SHORT ANSWER TOPIC: 1. Gilded Age In the last few decades of the nineteenth century, America stepped into innovation. The economic growth dramatically, new products, transportation systems and technologies improved. The wealth is highlighted by the American upper class such as Andre Carnegie, William A. Clark, John Jacob Astor, and many more. This might know as the â€Å"Golden Age†, however, most Americans called it the â€Å"Gilded Age†. This term was made by Mark Twain in 1873 . In

Women And Native Americans Face Problems - 1275 Words

Hello President Van Buren, in current day there are many reasons to why slaves, women and Native Americans face problems in America. Main reason to all three of them is discrimination and not giving each of these people equal rights. Considering most of America is concluded by these three majorities, it is unfair to not reflect to them in most of the events going on in America. Even though they all face similar difficulties, they also have very different issues they deal with on a daily basis. Slaves face the most severe issues in America. The reason slavery came to America is because the country needed assistance in the manufacture of profitable crops like tobacco. Slavery is present primarily because there is a serious need for work in the South. Many paid workers do not want to work in the circumstances that are present in Southern farms so the landlords of the plantations need workers who will do the work in any condition. Majority of the slaves are African and the reason for th at is because African slaves are favored by plantation owners so that they can effortlessly buy them from any seller in market for slaves. Another reason to why Africans are primarily slaves is because they were more immune to European diseases when first brought to America and were being sold by their own people. They are also known for being stronger than native’s or imported white slaves. Africans are better slaves than the Native Americans because they came from a progressive type ofShow MoreRelatedAlcohol Use And The Problems Associated With High Risk Drinking Among Native Americans1445 Words   |  6 Pagesuse and the problems associated with high-risk drinking among Native Americans/ Native Alaskan populations has taken a toll within this particular group of people. Alcohol was initially introduced to the Native American culture by white settlers who had arrived from Europe. Soon after the settler’s arrival, alcohol became a commodity used for trade with India ns for their crops. Alcohol prior to this introduction was not widely used but, this however made alcohol prevalent with Native people and itRead MorePersonal Counseling : Cross Cultural Counseling1534 Words   |  7 PagesCross-Cultural Counseling Sophia Henry American Public University Abstract For this assignment I chose counseling American Indians and Alaska Natives because it is the one group I have not studied or been around much. There is a huge population of American Indians and Alaska Natives in Washington where I currently live. I stay approximately 30 minutes from an Indian reservation. A few of the kids that attend the school I work at are Native American or an Alaska Native. I realized that when I firstRead MorePhilosophy / Vision Of Leadership1501 Words   |  7 Pages Philosophy/Vision of Leadership emphasizing current issues in native communities or communities serving native populations The current issues that are facing the Native Communities across United States is not the slot machines, movie sets or the football fields, as there many other problems facing the Native communities such as insidious, systemic, life or death problems; which will take years and many votes, marches to resolve the issue at hand. However, it will be given the attention to beRead MoreHiv / Aids : A Growing Problem Among American Indians And Alaska1731 Words   |  7 Pagestheir percentage of the populace. HIV/AIDs are a growing problem among American Indians and Alaska Natives (CDC). Some groups have higher rates of HIV in their communities, hence the rising of the new infections with each sexual or drug use encounter (CDC). Social, economic, and demographic factors including stigma, discrimination, revenue, education, and geographic regions- affect their risk for HIV. Due to American Indians and Alaska Natives small population the affects of HIV are not at all timesRead MoreThe United States And The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights Essay1421 Words   |  6 Pagesstandard of living compared to the rest of the nation s population. Natives have been cast into a low spot on the social chain ever since whites came from Europe and it still shows today but in different forms. American Indians/Alaska Natives face major disparities in both mental and physical health across the country. To start off, the physical state of health of Native Americans is far below the rest of the American people. They face more disease and death than any other population in the UnitedRead MoreEssay on Apache Indians1428 Words   |  6 PagesApache Prisoners of War The Chiricahuas, who were once one of the most feared Native American tribes of the southwest, became prisoners of war by the United States for a period of twenty seven years. This period of time was the longest captivity a Native American tribe had ever been imprisoned. The Chiricahuas imprisonment began in 1886, when the United States Army transported four hundred Native Americans from San Carlos and Fort Apache reservations to army posts in Florida (Davis). By 1887Read MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Old News By Deborah Miranda Essay1305 Words   |  6 Pagesgain. That is what happened to Native Americans over the course of American history. Due to the settler colonialism that laid the foundation of our nation, many Native Americans became the victims of horrific abuse and discrimination. As â€Å"whiteness† became the ideal in society, Native Americans lost their voices and the ability to stand up for themselves. Through her memoir, Bad Indians, Deborah Miranda reveals the t ruth of the horrific pasts of California Native Americans, and gives her ancestors’ storiesRead MoreAnalysis Of Colin G. Calloway s Book About The Lives Of The Natives1733 Words   |  7 PagesColin G. Calloway wrote a book about the lives of the Natives; how they lived before the American’s came to take their land, how they lived through that process, and how they lived shortly afterward. It addresses many challenges that they had to meet, along with what they did to thrive. The Natives coped with many of these challenges they faced due to their ability to work together, creating a working society. This working society was based on their roles and skills as individuals. Working as a well-oiledRead MoreSexual Violence And American Indian Genocide1168 Words   |  5 PagesAndrea Smith’s book Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide read passionately about Native American Indians experiences relative to violence and related topics. Part of Smithâ €™s goal is to aid understanding of Native women’s plight and spotlight how treating their sufferings separately was limiting the pain they lived through to this day. Smith pointed out that though other writers have keen interest in bringing native women’s plight mainstream, these writers fell short of taking anRead MoreSue Kerr, Author Of â€Å"When White Women Magazines Disregard1090 Words   |  5 PagesSue Kerr, author of â€Å"When White Women Magazines Disregard Indigenous Women of Color†, expresses her thoughts on Whirl Magazine and co-founder Christine Tumpson’s event logo’s effect on indigenous women in Pittsburgh. A women’s networking event hosted by Whirl was titled â€Å"POW WOW† which left native women feeling attacked. As a result, comments left on the event’s Facebook page regarding the truth behind the use of the acronym were taken down. As a result, a statement brought from Whirl stated that

Decision Making Styles and Leadership †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Decision Making Styles and Leadership. Answer: Introduction: Efficient leadership means identifying the needed objectives to reach the organisation or business goals and leadership also means to inspire others. Leaders must have a vision with collaborative attitude in order to form a team with team members. In this regard, creating a legitimate relationship with team members helps the team members to express themselves. Making rapport with the team members assists to know the team's concerns and in this case, team leaders can show the empathy. Showing empathy can create a good relation between leaders and team members. Team members need to share the vision and negative feelings should be omitted from the team (Northouse 2013). The best way to get better at it is with experience of the leaders. Leaders don't focus on leading other people as one should never set out to lead others. It is needed to set out to achieve a vision and inspire people. Leaders mainly work on those four fundamental attributes, especially independence effective thinking, decision making, creativity. If leaders already have a titled position, then, by all means, prioritize the people skills. The most important of these is recognising and managing them. Beyond that, leaders need to work on: communication, delegation, negotiation, and networking. As stated by Rowe and Guerrero (2013), the team leader is the final arbiter. Teal leaders inspire others by engaging people justly, managing employees within a team, acting with integrity and passion. Team leaders must have consistency in performance as consistent leaders must get respect and credibility by setting examples in the team. Consistency creates honesty in the team as team leaders must be honest in work and in communication. Leadership is all about breaking the obstacles with handwork and avoiding failure. In this regard, leaders need to assess the team members effectively that he/she must have a direction towards the goals and aim must be matched with organisational improvement. Leadership concept is related to the managing objectives of the organisation and team leaders can make the multidisciplinary team through which they can share their vision (Gill 2011). Within a team, it is very much needed to communicate with the right people and flexible communication sets the right attitude for the team. Leaders need to set an expectation for the team members and efficient communication with flexible approach can be helpful in order to fulfil the expectations. In addition, wi llingness to do the work for the organisation's betterment can be developing feature as leaders must believe in the idea of the idea of the organisational objectives. Leadership cannot be maintained only through features as it is important to maintain correct leadership style. A good leader can be autocratic, democratic or lassies fairer. However, good leadership can lead to the organisation to meet the objectives. In this regard, developing leadership capability can lead to a leader to be a transformational leader. This transformational leadership concept starts with meeting the vision and goals of the organisation (Kark and Shamir 2013). A transformational leader should have a clear vision as he/she must be clear what the team is going to achieve. In addition, as stated by McClesky (2014), transformational leaders should communicate effectively with the team members and everyone needs to understand the shared vision of the leaders. Transformational leaders can forecast the future of the organisation and they set the target in long-term basis as they have the courage to take the risks. As supported by Humphrey (2014), transformational leaders hav e the willingness to perform well with mitigating the risks with perfect decisions and they have the courage to take a vision, for others that can seem too impossible. One of the major features of transformational leaders is that they have similarity with democratic leaders as they both listen to the team members and they do not take the decision in one-hand. As opined by Mabey and Finch (2008), transformational leaders are self-motivated and they earn the fuels by the motivation. People who work with transformational leaders can sense the motivation and people become passionate in working with the leaders. Moreover, transformational leaders are inspiring through their deeds, works and knowledge. William Edwards Deming could be one of the finest examples of transformational leadership as he introduced Deming's quality management in the automobile sector. Not only inspiration to create personal passion, their vision can change the organisational defectiveness In this regard, transfor mational leaders know the employees very well who work with them and they make people to feel important and create the ability to give their best. Most importantly, transformational leadership style sets the standard with the organisation through communicating expectation, goals and vision, by following these, one organisation can gain success as works speak louder than words, leaders ability can evoke change. There is a conflict on if a good leader is born or is transformed has been the billion dollar question for all the assessors of a leader. The theory that best describes the leaderships is known as the trait theory. This theory argues that the certain trait or combination of traits is common factor among all the different leadership style. The physical and social characteristic as well the understanding of the leaders traits are identified among personality. With experiences and behavioural evolutions, one makes rises up to be a leader (Eseryel 2014). This particular essay analyses the two different approaches of leadership and combines the trait of the leaders. The most important part of democratic leaders is that they are people oriented. The political leaders have shown their traits as parallel to the democratic leaders. Through history, the democratic leaders have been shown their ruling pattern in their team. The leaders choose exceptional ways to achieve the goals and objectives of the organisation. They are more defined as a instrument to goal achievement (Prabhakar and Yaseen 2016). The leadership functions as the formal authority, as they are in charge of achieving the ultimate goal of a organisation. Cartwright and Zander (2014) viewed leadership as a function that encompasses the group members activities that a desired result is achieved. The democratic groups tend to sustain the democratic process. A democratic leader thinks of its people and their responsibility as well as its own. The status of the leaders does not matter to them. Rather they are more people oriented and take in to consideration about his team or group. The groups decision-making ability is dependent upon the democratic leaders. The democratic leader also take is in to consideration about the groups perspective in various situations (Mwenda and Wachira 2015). Different leadership style is effective in different situations. Not all kinds of leaders are equipped with the right kind of traits and tools that can manipulate or influence people in different situations. The willingness of skills and knowledge sharing people works best in terms of democratic group. A team where every individual feels valued and their opinion is solicited, as well as incorporated in the final decision are very important for this kind of leadership to execute the task. This leader also encourages a level of creativity while they also have a stake in increasing commitment of the individual member (Prabhakar and Yaseen 2016). For this kind of leader, the quality of work is more important than productivity and efficiency. Effective service industry has more concentration of this kind of leaders. In addition, there are many situations where they are not effective in defining the way. Where there are many roles or unclear role in process in place of leaders role, democr atic leaders are proved ineffective in their task (Iqba et al. 2015). Their friendship and group relationship matters most for these members. Where the job requires an individual to be monotones the democratic proves to be ineffective. The style is important for an organisation to share and induce the knowledge and ideas to be consulted. Hence, the new ideas get the approval of all the stakeholders in place. Thus, this leadership is also known as the participative leadership as the leaders participation is required in groups activity (Mwenda and Wachira 2015). There are many characteristics to democratic leaders that can be proved essential for controls and leading the team. This kind of leader initiates debate, encourage ideas to be brainstormed and makes the team member feel good about their position and work, an opposite compared to the autocratic leaders. They also develop creative solution for their problems and issues. The democratic leaders also opine their views and communicate the organisations vision with their groups members (De Board 2014). They take a clear vision in their mind about where they wants to see the organisation in the next few years. The democratic leaders also takes control of their teams and needs guidance and control from other authority. This kind of leaders takes in to consideration about the decisions that needs to be made. As the democratic leaders need to interact with the every individual member of their organisation, they must decide on the behaviour and what traits of people are fitted to the different organisational activity. The best example of a democratic leader is Steve Jobs, the creator of Apple Inc. He is one among the most celebrated participative leader in the world. The reason of the companys success is because the participation trait of the owner (Tucker 2017). In todays world, leadership requires new values. A leader is no longer a person who remains limited to making an inspiring and good speech but faces huge challenges politically, economically and environmentally. Thus, leader must possess the quality of convincing others for changing habits that are destructive, focus more on participation of people and ensure being good communicators (Schalock and Verdugo 2012). Unlike past, in todays world we face more threats from within therefore, focus and habits needs to change for reflecting the threats and as leaders one must have the moral and conviction for not only convincing people but also advocating a change which is positive. Thus, convincing people for ensuring positive changes like changing habits for better sustenance on earth makes a true leader. Recognition of leadership skills is important and followers must elect or choose leaders who provide a reflection of the moral values that they possess (Ishak and Bakar 2012). In todays world, poverty is a major challenge faced by the leaders. Although they make speeches but only few leaders incorporate the promises made and materialize them into plans for overcoming such plight. Thus, it is necessary for people to choose a leader who is able to incorporate positive changes. Todays leaders must possess the quality of listening to everyones solutions and inputs that includes both the youths as well as seniors. This will enable the leaders to understand the fresh view that they possess or have reached with the years of experience achieved. One of the professors of a renowned university in the United States has thus stated that leadership is necessary in the coming decade and one can find him (Sallis, E., 2014.). According to him, if people want a great leader then one should not imagine that it is a way of making everyone happy. However, this important issue needs consideration while contemplating leadership in the present world scenario. Things that have been decided and put to action might not impress everyone, but as long as the change the positive and positive change ensured people must accept with an open mind. Thus, leadership in todays world comprises of approaches that are not only open but also transparent and the visions and goals are communicated effectively so that everyone have the time for thinking about the changes that are incorporated (Rock 2014). However, challenges and styles of leaders will drastically change in years to come and the results believed to positive in ensuring a better and stronger future. However, according to me there are certain characteristics that I possess which ensures good leadership qualities. I possess the quality of honesty in all my dealings that reflects in all my doings. While working with a team I have the power of identification of the strengths of the team thereby helping me to capitalize which indicates my power of delegation. I have the power to succinctly and clearly communicate to the team about their vision and make them work towards achieving the goal thereby reflecting my strong communication skills. I am not only confident but also calm which an important quality of a leader is. I am also hardworking and is very much committed to what I do. Moreover, I possess positive attitude that will help me in keeping my team motivated. Apart from that, I am creative and handle situation that needs proper guidance and quick decision. I also have a strong intuition and the power of predicting things that are uncertain and possess higher risk. I possess the power to inspire others through achieve a positive approach towards life and work. Further, I believe in following an approach believed to be one of the key qualities of good leaders This kind of characteristics I believe is fit for transformational as well as democratic leadership. In transformation leadership, leader possesses the qualities of transforming his or her followers. Here the leaders are not only charismatic but also face challenges with clear purpose and excitement (Onorato 2013). They are also good communicators. In democratic leadership the leadership, share the decision making with his followers. The leaders here not only promote the needs and desire of the group members but also believe that everyone should belong to the process of decision-making. The leadership styles that I will be having are considered being the democratic leadership style as well as transformational leadership style. As a democratic leader, I would be encouraging as well as have the genuineness to seek the input of other individuals within a group. I will do the active promotion of sharing ideas, so that all individuals with varied proficiency levels as well as abilities are having the capability for putting forward their opinions. The key function of having the democratic leadership style will be revolving around the aspect of creating the structural aspect that is supporting as well as encouraging forethought. In respect of following the democratic leadership style, it would be necessary for me towards having engagement with the entire team in respect of making determinations of the activities as well as other methods (Choudhary 2013). The democratic structure does the most effective functioning when the roles as well as responsibilities are explained in a clear way. Moreover, I would provide a clear definition of the various methods that are there. For doing this, I would build a clear structure in respect of the democratic method as well as in what ways various decisions are being undertaken within the group. I would be interested in knowing the process to do the initiation of a discussion process as well as setting a timeline regarding when the decisions should be undertaken. I would also be inviting the viewpoints of others, In this regard, I would be establishing a structure to provide as well as assist feedback (Giltinane 2013). As a democratic leader within an organisation, I would be doing the distribution of responsibility among the team for facilitating participation in making decisions. I would also be empowering the team members so that they are able to do the accomplishment of their accountabilities. The aspect of empowerment will comprise of offering training as well as education essential regarding the completion of task that has been delegated. Another significant role of mine, as a democratic leader would be ensuring democratic forethought to make team decisions (Boykins 2013). This aspect will be explaining that as a democratic leader, I should be acting as a mediator as well as facilitator among the members of the team as well as ensuring that there occurs the maintenance of an organisational environment that is considered being healthy as well as respectful. As a transformational leader within an organisation, I would be having a vision of what I would be interested in achieving and also, the capability for communicating in a clear manner this vision within the establishment so that everyone will be having the capability for understanding what is required for actualizing this vision. As a transformational leader, I would require having the courage such as having the eagerness for taking on new challenging aspects, undertaking calculated risks, making decisions that are considered being tough as well as having the willingness to do the creation of a vision as well as making the tough decision essential for achieving my vision. A a transformational leader, I would be having the motivational traits that are considered being necessary. As a transformational leader, I would be having the capability for inspiring other individuals and convincing them to follow my vision and executing it on all the organisational levels. In this regard, another important trait that I would like to follow is having individual interaction (Hendriks 2014). As a transformational leader, I would be having the ability for influencing everyone in my team individually. Moreover, being a transformational leader, I would be setting a standard that I would like everyone in the organisation to be following. I would be communicating my vision in a clear manner, my expectations as well as, in what ways this standard will be getting carried out all through the establishment. I would also be required focusing my attention on the organisational team members as well as working hard for helping them in achieving their objectives. For managing the delivery of my vision, as a transformational leader, I would be required combining the efficient project management with the change management. This will assist me in delivering the changing scenarios that is required with the full assistance of my team members (Onorato 2013). I would also be communicating the roles as well as responsibilities of every team member in a clear manner as well as connecting these aspects to my plans. I should also be setting the SMART objectives in respect of all individuals, which will include certain short-term objectives helping them in staying encouraged. Reference List Boykins, C., Campbell, S., Moore, M. and Nayyar, S., 2013. An empirical study of leadership styles.Journal of Economic Development, Management, IT, Finance, and Marketing,5(2), p.1. Choudhary, A.I., Akhtar, S.A. and Zaheer, A., 2013. Impact of transformational and servant leadership on organisational performance: A comparative analysis.Journal of Business Ethics,116(2), pp.433-440. De Board, R., 2014. The psychoanalysis of organisations: A psychoanalytic approach to behaviour in groups and organisations. Abingdon: Routledge. Eseryel, U.Y., 2014. Open innovation/open source leadership. Abingdon: Routledge. Gill, R., 2011. Theory and Practice of Leadership (2nd ed), Sage Publications. Giltinane, C.L., 2013. Leadership styles and theories.Nursing Standard,27(41), pp.35-39. Hendriks, F. and Karsten, N., 2014. Theory of democratic leadership.P.'t Hart R. Rhodes (Eds.), Oxford handbook of political leadership, pp.41-56. Humphrey, R., 2014. Effective Leadership. theory, Cases and Applications. London: Sage Publications Iqbal, N., Anwar, S. and Haider, N., 2015. Effect of leadership style on employee performance. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 5(5), pp.23-25 Ishak, N. and Bakar, A., 2012. Qualitative data management and analysis using NVivo: an approach used to examine leadership qualities among student leaders.Education Research Journal,2(3), pp.94-103. Kark, R. and Shamir, B., 2013. The dual effect of transformational leadership: Priming relational and collective selves and further effects on followers. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition(pp. 77-101). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Mabey, C., and Finch-Lees, T., 2008. Management and Leadership Development. London: Sage Publications McCleskey, J.A., 2014. Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(4), p.117. Mwenda, L.K.M. and Wachira, A.W., 2015. Effects of Leadership Styles on Implementation of Organisation Strategic Plans in Small and Medium Enterprises in Nairobi. International Journal of leadership. 3(1), pp.54-98 Northouse, P. 2013. Leadership: Theory and Practice. (6th edition). London: Sage Publications. Onorato, M., 2013. Transformational leadership style in the educational sector: An empirical study of corporate managers and educational leaders.Academy of Educational Leadership Journal,17(1), p.33. Onorato, M., 2013. Transformational leadership style in the educational sector: An empirical study of corporate managers and educational leaders.Academy of Educational Leadership Journal,17(1), p.33. Prabhakar, G.V. and Yaseen, A., 2016. Decision-making styles and leadership: evidences from the UAE. International Journal of Management Development, 1(4), pp.287-306. Rock, D., 2014.Quiet leadership. HarperCollins e-books. Rowe, G.W. and Guerrero, L., 2013. Cases in Leadership. (3rd edition). London: Sage Publications. Sallis, E., 2014.Total quality management in education. Abingdon: Routledge. Schalock, R.L. and Verdugo, M.A., 2012.A Leadership Guide for Today's Disabilities Organisations: Overcoming Challenges and Making Change Happen. Brookes Publishing Company. PO Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285. Tucker, R., 2017. Democratic Leadership Preferred by Male Student Athletes in Middle School Athletic Programs. Sport Journal.

Using Infrared Technology to Determine the Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Soil

Literature review A number of literature reviews have been documented on using infrared technology to determine the hydrocarbons in contaminated soil. Ten literature reviews will be utilized in the research below. Their reliability had to be checked to ensure that they are scholarly.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Using Infrared Technology to Determine the Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Soil specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A New Perspective to Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy asserts that spectroscopy focuses on the analysis on infrared light as part of wavelength emanated, reflected, or spread from a substance (Ge et al. 2007). According to the authors, spectral measurement enables the assessment of the amount of light reflected or emanated from a gas, solid, or liquid. Analysis of Diesel Fuel Contamination in Soils by Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectrometry and Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chroma tography assert that because soil is assorted in nature the standard physicochemical assessment of its characteristics is costly and inefficient (Malley Hunter 2000). In this regard, Malley, Hunter, Madari, Reeves, and Machado suggest that the use of spectroscopy and regression analysis presents an appropriate way of assessing the hydrocarbons in contaminated soil (Madari, Reeves, Machado 2006). Mid-Infrared and Near-Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy for Soil Carbon Measurement propose that with the use of visible infrared light between the range of 350 to 2500 nm, the emission reflected from the soil crystals can be replicated alongside total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) substance of the impure soil (Mccarty et al. 2002). On the other hand, Mid-infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy for the Quantitative Analysis of Agricultural Soils asserts that the replica can be easily be exploited to compute the TPH from unknown soil samples (Reeves , Mccarty 2001). Moron and Cozzol ino suggest that environmental experts utilize TPH, which is a combination of dissimilar hydrocarbons, as a pointer of petroleum polluted soils (Moron Cozzolino 2003).Advertising Looking for dissertation on geology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Determining The Composition Of Mineral-Organic Mixes Using UV–Vis–NIR Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy, the use of infrared technology allows fast and cost-effective computation of TPH unlike the conventional approaches that are very expensive and time consuming (Rossel, Mcglynn, Mcbratney 2006). Development of Reflectance Spectral Libraries for Characterization of Soil Properties illustrates two distinctive absorption peaks (Shepherd Walsh 2002). The peaks are 1730 nm and 2310 nm. The peaks are illustrated as spectral autographs of hydrocarbon-bearing matter. On the other hand, Modelling of Soil Organic Carbon Fractions Using Visible–Near-Infrare d Spectroscopy focuses of a near infrared fiber optic chemical sensor. The apparatus is used for remote detection of hydrocarbons in soils (Vasques, Grunwald, Sickman 2009). On the other hand, Near-IR Reflectance Spectroscopy for the Determination of Motor Oil Contamination in Sandy Loam assesses motor oil polluted sandy loam soil (Stallard, Garcia, Kaushik 1996). The investigations are carried out using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. The investigations illustrate the benefits of adopting the technology for other forms of soil matrices. Methodology For this study, the data will be collected through field research. The method entails acquiring, 54 pots, sand, soil, seeds, contaminants, and the necessary apparatus for carrying out infrared spectroscopy. After the collection of the above materials, the pots would be divided into three parts. The pots would contain 50g to 100g of substances. Among the three parts, one part will comprise of soil. The second part would comprise of sand. The third part would comprise of a mixture of sand and soil. Thereafter, seeds of rapid growing grass will be planted in each pot. After some time, the contaminant would be introduced to some pots. Afterwards, the pots would be placed in an ideal environment where it will allow the grass to grow as desired. As the grasses grow, their progress would be monitored and documented. Eventually, the soil and sand samples in all the pots would be collected for analysis using the infrared technology.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Using Infrared Technology to Determine the Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Soil specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The samples will be carefully taken out of each pot and placed in sealed glass bottles. The purpose of placing the samples in enclosed glasses is to avoid hydrocarbon volatilization and safeguard the samples’ moisture status. Later, samples will be placed on ice before being taken to the appropriate labs. In the labs the samples will be stored in refrigerators with five degrees Celsius. In the labs, the contaminated soils would be assessed using infrared technology and other conventional approaches. To assess the reliability of infrared technology in comparison with other conventional EPA approaches, the labs will adopt an environmental monitoring tool. Through this, the broad accurateness of both methods would be obtained with ease. During the sampling process, 54 samples comprising of contaminated and non-contaminated samples would be utilized. All the samples would be gathered and scrutinized with the help of visible near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The visible near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy spectra of soil samples will be utilized in forecasting the TPH content in the samples. The above would be achieved with the use of PLS and BRT models. After the findings are collected from the lab, they will be compil ed and assessed using appropriate software. The software would enable the researchers to come up with tables, charts, or distribution plots. Thereafter, the data will be analyzed for accuracy. From these results, the researchers will be able to confirm infrared technology is more efficient compared with other conventional EPA approaches. References Ge, Y., Morgan, C. L., Thomasson, J. A., Waiser, T 2007, ‘A New Perspective to Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy: A Wavelet Approach’ Transactions of the ASABE, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 303-311. Madari, B. E., Reeves, J. B., Machado, P. L 2006, ‘Mid- and near-infrared spectroscopic assessment of soil compositional parameters and structural indices in two Ferralsols’ Geoderma ,vol. 136, no. 1, pp. 254-259.Advertising Looking for dissertation on geology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Malley, D. F., Hunter, G. R 2000, ‘Analysis of Diesel Fuel Contamination in Soils by Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectrometry and Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography’, Soil and Sediment Contamination, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 481-489. Mccarty, G. W., Reeves, J. B., Reeves, V. B., Follett, R. F., Kimble, J. M 2002, ‘Mid-Infrared and Near-Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy for Soil Carbon Measurement’ Soil science Society of America journal,vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 640-641. Moron, A., Cozzolino, D 2003, ‘Exploring the use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to study physical properties and microelements in soils’ Journal Of Near Infrared Spectroscopy, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 145-146. Reeves, J. B. , Mccarty, G. W 2001, ‘Mid-infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy for the Quantitative Analysis of Agricultural Soils’, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 766-772. Rossel, R. V., Mcglynn, R., Mcbrat ney, A 2006, ‘Determining the composition of mineral-organic mixes using UV–vis–NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy’, Geoderma, vol. 137, no. 1, pp. 70-80. Shepherd, K. D., Walsh, M. G 2002, ‘Development of Reflectance Spectral Libraries for Characterization of Soil Properties’ Soil science Society of America journal, vol. 66, no. 3, pp.988-989. Stallard, B. R., Garcia, M. J., Kaushik, S 1996 ‘Near-IR Reflectance Spectroscopy for the Determination of Motor Oil Contamination in Sandy Loam’, Applied Spectroscopy, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 334-338. Vasques, G. M., Grunwald, S., Sickman, J. O 2009, ‘Modeling of Soil Organic Carbon Fractions Using Visible–Near-Infrared Spectroscopy’, Soil science Society of America journal, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 176-177. This dissertation on Using Infrared Technology to Determine the Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Soil was written and submitted by user Cheyanne Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.