Fluid Power School Essay Example

Liquid Power School Essay Example Liquid Power School Essay Liquid Power School Essay Paper Topic: We Real Cool Liquid Power School BY Mikecole1911 Original November 10, 1994 BASIC PNEUMATICS FLUID POWER l. Essential meaning of Fluid Power: A liquid is any media that will stream when contained in some type of vessel or conductor such channel, hose or tubing. The media can be air, oil, water, gases and so on. The media when moved with weight or power is fit for creating prepared vitality, which can be utilized to perform boundless mechanized capacities. Liquid force is regularly used to make straight as well as rotating movement. The types of liquid force examined in this discussion are pneumatic innovation with some light inclusion of power through pressure. A. Patterns with Fluid Power: 1. The field of hydrodynamics is a development industry in the USA. The essential driver for this extension is the way that numerous makers in the US are mechanizing a lot of overwhelming assembling ventures so as to contend with abroad creating countries, and the European and Japanese makers that have just been in the mechanization mode for a long time. Pressure driven innovation is the substantial muscles of assembling, no other type of modern force gives as much work ability at a serious expense. Alongside this muscle come ecological oncerns, legitimate removal of caution out water driven oil, old sifters and channels are issues that should be tended to. The different evident zone is spills in water driven frameworks are a consistent aggravation. 2. Pneumatic innovation is developing quickly consistently. This is to a great extent because of numerous elements; Pneumatic liquid force is spotless, more affordable to actualize than power through pressure, and efficient to utilize. As the local assembling base pushes toward lighter cutting edge type enterprises, packed air despite everything give more blast to the Buck than some other force source without the negative natural impacts of hydrodynamics. : Direct and rotational movement can be produced with incredible speed, unwavering quality and accuracy utilizing pneumatic chambers, air engines and revolving actuators. Compacted air innovation has considered incredible to be as unique gear produces (OEMS) keep on using pneumatic frameworks on their machines and hardware. More often than not the client has plant air accessible for use, yet sometimes OEMs are utilizing little ready blowers that hush up, effective and equipped for creating sufficient volumes of packed air at pressures up to 150 psig. The copier business and clinical fields are two significant models. Nearly anybody can profit by a working information on essential pneumatic capacity. That is the purpose of this workshop, to give a fundamental introduction of general abilities that could be utilized to meet the pneumatic needs in your business. Course Format: A: Generic introductions of different liquid force segments: The essential capacities and varieties of the significant parts accessible in the Fluid Power Industry. B: Review the essential design of a pneumatic framework. 2. FRL Gauges 3. Wellbeing Blow Down Valve (Lockout valve) 4. Directional Control Valves 5. Actuators Cylinders, turning actuators, air engines, Robotic Grippers and so on. Frill Flow Controls, needle valves, pressure switches, check valves, vacuum generators, alleviation valves and so on 7. Pneumatic Logic (option to PLC) C: ANSI Symbol Handout and Overview: D: Basic Pneumatic Schematic Handout: 1. Survey Pneumatic ANSI images 2. Stroll through schematic Ill. Conventional Presentations of Components Compress or: There are a few sorts of air blowers available today. The most well-known are revolving screw and responding cylinder type blowers. Most blowers require oil like vehicle motors to broaden life and keep them running moothly. This oil is quite often present in the packed air sent into the plants air framework. The oil can be as scorched off hydrocarbons, aircraft or airborne oil in fluid or fume structure. Blower choice for an office isn't the focal point of this workshop, yet Component Supply is an approved Ingersoll Rand Dealer and we can help anybody that requirements to choose a blower for your office. A full scope of convenient or on board blowers are likewise accessible that run from sizes sufficiently little to fit in the palm of your hand, to 2 pull units. These little ompressors create shockingly high volumes of air and vacuum at pressures up to 150 psig and vacuum to 28. 8 Hg. These blowers are normally oiless in structure and are an industry unto them selves. Fluid dealing with frameworks and procedure control are different territories that can be helped by the utilization of liquid force innovation. As expressed previously, whatever streams can be managed utilizing this industrys gear and innovation. So remember this for any requirements you may have that fit this general portrayal. FRL Gauges: FRLs or channels, controllers and lubricators are utilized to appropriately condition the air for use in a pneumatic framework. These mix units can be given in full size confguration or an increasingly minimized scaled down form. Numerous individuals expect that com squeezed air is perfect by its temperament, this is an extraordinary misnomer and low quality compacted air will make parts wear quicker, and repress the dependability of the framework. Packed air is a control medium Just as is power; it should be molded from crude structure so as to function true to form. Power must be sifted thus show. The constriction FRL is likewise the request where the molding proc ess happens. Air is first separated, and afterward controlled to the best possible working ressure and, in certain frameworks it is then greased up to improve the capacity of different parts. A weight measure mounted to the controller will show the working weight in the framework. Appropriately adapted air is the grass roots toa very much planned liquid force framework. Filtration: Particulate Function and elements 2. Profundity Filtration-Torturous Path 3. Contaminant Removal 4. Water evacuation - Removes water in bead structure no fume expulsion. 5. Component micron size Element Materials Polypropylene and Sintered Bronze 6. Stream rating versus component rating better evaluating yields lower stream. Combining Function and ynamics 1 . Oil Removal-Droplet and pressurized canned products 2. Particulate expulsion Depth filtration 3. Airborne evacuation mixing style sift channels through oil mist concentrates and their negative impacts to framework unwavering quality are expelled also. 4. Future of the component normal 3-6 months. Check the shading Brown = requirement for change. 5. Material is borosilicate glass Pre-Filter allure, 5 Micron particulate channels expand life and capacity of Coalescing unit. 6. Stream ability/pressure drop Options for Filters: Polycarbonate or Metal Bowls Automatic and Manual channels 2. 3. Sight Glasses 4. Diverter squares . Mounting Options A. Areola Mount B. Particular Mount Systems Maintenance general WATER REMOVAL: Water in pneumatic frameworks has been a typical issue for circuits that utilization on board oiless blowers. This is on the grounds that there is typically very little separation between purpose of utilization for the air and the blower the temperature of compacted air is raised after pressure and drops quickly when it goes through the framework. This temperature drops bring about the dew point being decreased completely through the framework and creating water as the higher temperature of recently compacted air-cools and extends. In most modern plant pneumatic frameworks a refrigerated air dryer is utilized to cool the packed air and expel a large portion of the water before it ever leaves the blower room. Particulate channels are extremely effective water removers when the water is in bead structure. Basic warmth exchangers, for example, curled copper tubing and serpentine twisting game plans have demonstrated VERY compelling at getting the water into bead structure. This permits the channels to remove the water from the framework and in this manner improve dependability. Todays innovation likewise permits you more resistance for water in the framework than more established sorts of valve and chamber esigns. We never advocate water as satisfactory in the frameworks however parts that can deal with it will make your framework progressively dependable and productive. Weight Regulators: What is their motivation in the framework 1 . Capacity and Dynamics Two way regularly open valves with stomach or cylinder as the guideline gadget. 2. Assuaging and Non-alleviating Styles 3. Guideline ranges 0-20, Instrument, 0-60 Low, 0-125 General 4. Mounting choices 5. Alter obstruction Caps, Keys, Removable handles 6. Support general Lubricators: 1 . Capacity and Dynamics Sump-siphon tube-sidestep check valve needle valve sight ome. 2. Stream required permitting the lubricator to work (2 SCFM Minimum) 3. Types of Lubricators Fog Type: Fog Type lubricators are best applied for universally useful sort applications where the parts are not touchy to over oil or exceptionally exact grease. Smaller scale Fog Type: Micro Fog Type lubricators are best applied in those applications where the parts require fine-metered oil fog grease. This kind of unit gives a progressively uniform flexibly of atomized oil fog. Drop type: Drop Type lubricators are best applied for universally useful sort applications where the omponents are not touchy to over grease or exact oil and the oil fog isn't required to be as fine as those made by fog type lubricators. The oil apportioned from drop type lubricators will venture to every part of the most limited separation to segments. 4. Upkeep general topping off methods, fill under tension, button fill highlights, bowl expulsion expected wear and disappointment focuses. Basic Filter/Regulators 1. Structure Function and Dynamics 2. Favorable circumstances 3. Particulate Filters are generally the main kind accessible in (Piggy Back) units. Some are currently accessible in Coalescing style units. 4. Security Blow Down Valves (Lockout Valve): Safety blow down valves are three way valves that shut off flexibly to a machine or framework and afterward e

Birthright Citizenship in the United States

Inheritance Citizenship in the United States Inheritance citizenship in the United States is the lawful rule that any individual conceived on U.S. soil consequently and quickly turns into a U.S. resident. It stands out from U.S. citizenship acquired through naturalization or securing citizenship allowed by righteousness of being brought into the world abroad to in any event one U.S. resident parent. A â€Å"birthright† is characterized as any privilege or benefit to which an individual is entitled by prudence of birth. Since quite a while ago tested in both the official courtrooms and general assessment, the arrangement of bequest citizenship remains exceptionally dubious today, especially when applied to kids destined to undocumented outsider guardians. Key Takeaways: Birthright Citizenship Inheritance citizenship is the lawful rule that any individual conceived on U.S. soil consequently turns into a resident of the United States.Birthright citizenship was set up in1868 by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and affirmed by the US Supreme Court in the 1898 instance of United States v. Wong Kim Ark.Birthright citizenship is allowed to people conceived in the 50 U.S. states and the U.S. regions of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.Today, inheritance citizenship is a profoundly questionable issue as it applies to youngsters destined to guardians who have entered the United States illicitly. Jus Soli and Jus Sanguinis Citizenship Inheritance citizenship depends on the guideline of â€Å"jus soli,† a Latin expression meaning â€Å"right of the soil.† According to jus soli, a person’s citizenship is controlled by their place of birth. As in the United States, jus soli is the most widely recognized methods by which citizenship is procured. Jus Soli is as opposed to â€Å"jus sanguinis,† meaning â€Å"right of the blood,† the rule that a person’s citizenship is resolved or obtained by the nationality of one or the two guardians. In the United States, citizenship can be obtained by either jus soli, or less usually, by jus sanguinis.â Legitimate Basis of US Birthright Citizenship In the United States, the arrangement of claim citizenship is situated in the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, expressing â€Å"[a]ll people conceived or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the ward thereof, are residents of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.† Ratified in 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment was sanctioned to abrogate the 1857 U.S. Incomparable Court’s Dred Scott v. Sandford choice which had denied citizenship to previous African American slaves. In the 1898 instance of United States v. Wong Kim Ark, the U.S. Preeminent Court affirmed that under the Fourteenth Amendment, full U.S. citizenship can't be denied to any individual conceived inside the United States, paying little heed to the citizenship status of the guardians at that point. Under the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, inheritance citizenship is likewise conceded to any individual conceived in the United States to an individual from an Indian, Eskimo, Aleutian, or other native clan. Under the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, U.S. jus soli bequest citizenship, as built up by the Fourteenth Amendment, is naturally conceded to any individual conceived inside any of the 50 states and the domains of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Also, jus sanguinis inheritance citizenship is conceded (with certain special cases) to people destined to U.S. residents while in other countries.â The above resolutions and resulting authoritative alterations are incorporated and arranged into the United States Code of Federal Laws at 8 U.S.C.  § 1401 to characterize who turns into a United States resident during childbirth. As indicated by government law, the accompanying people will be considered U.S. residents during childbirth: An individual conceived in the United States, and subject to the purview thereof.A individual conceived in the United States to an individual from an Indian, Eskimo, Aleutian, or other native tribe.A individual conceived in a distant ownership of the United States of guardians one of whom is a resident of the United States who has been genuinely present in the United States or one of its remote belongings for a nonstop time of one year whenever before the introduction of such person.A individual of obscure parentage found in the United States while younger than five years, until appeared, preceding his achieving the age of twenty-one years, not to have been conceived in the United States. The Birthright Citizenship Debate While the legitimate idea of bequest citizenship has withstood long periods of difficulties in the official courtrooms, its arrangement of consequently conceding U.S. citizenship to offspring of undocumented foreigners has not fared too in the court of general conclusion. For instance, a 2015 Pew Research Center review found that 53% of Republicans, 23% of Democrats, and 42% of Americans by and large kindness changing the Constitution to bar citizenship for kids conceived in the U.S. to undocumented worker guardians. Numerous adversaries of claim citizenship contend that it urges hopeful guardians to go to the U.S. basically to conceive an offspring so as to improve their own odds of achieving lawful inhabitant (green card) status-a training regularly called â€Å"birth tourism.† According to a Pew Hispanic Center examination of Census Bureau information, an expected 340,000 of the 4.3 million infants conceived in the United States in 2008 were destined to â€Å"unauthorized immigrants.† The Pew concentrate further gauges that a sum of around 4,000,000 American-conceived offspring of unapproved settler guardians lived in the U.S. in 2009, alongside about 1.1 million remote conceived offspring of unapproved outsider guardians. Disputably considering it the â€Å"anchor baby† circumstance, a few administrators have proposed enactment to change how and when claim citizenship is allowed. The 2015 Pew investigation found that claim citizenship was conceded to around 275,000 children destined to undocumented settler guardians in 2014, or about 7% of all births in the U.S. that year. That number speaks to a drop from the pinnacle year of illicit movement in 2006 when around 370,000 kids about 9% of all births-were destined to undocumented settlers. What's more, about 90% of undocumented outsiders who conceive an offspring in the U.S. have lived in the nation for over two years before conceiving an offspring. On October 30, 2018, President Donald Trump raised the discussion by expressing that he planned to give an official request totally evacuating the privilege of citizenship to individuals conceived in the U.S. to remote nationals under any conditions a demonstration some contend would basically cancel the Fourteenth Amendment. The president set no course of events for his proposed request, so inheritance citizenship-as built up by the Fourteenth Amendment and United States v. Wong Kim Ark-remains the rule that everyone must follow. Different Countries With Birthright Citizenship As indicated by the free, non-divided Center for Immigration Studies, the United States alongside Canada and 37 different nations, the greater part of which are in the Western Hemisphere, offer generally unhindered jus soli claim citizenship. No Western Europe nations offer unlimited inheritance citizenship to all kids conceived inside their outskirts. In the course of the most recent decade, numerous nations, including France, New Zealand, and Australia, have surrendered inheritance citizenship. In 2005, Ireland turned into the last nation in the European Union to annul claim citizenship. Sources and Further Reference Arthur, Andrew R. (November 5, 2018). Bequest Citizenship: An Overview. Community for Immigration Studies.Smith, Rogers M. (2009). Inheritance Citizenship and the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 and 2008. College of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law.Lee, Margaret (May 12, 2006). U.S. Citizenship of Persons Born in the United States to Alien Parents. Congressional Research Service.Da Silva, Chantal. (October 30, 2018). Trump Says He Plans to Sign Executive Order to Terminate Birthright Citizenship. CNN.

A Student, A Professor, An Alum

A Student, A Professor, An Alum Today, three very cool articles about MIT people. First, an article about Dheera 06 MEng 07, who, um, upgraded his door lock. Next, US News World Report profiled 20 people as Americas Top Leaders, including Prof. Eric Lander, who teaches Introductory Biology. Finally, USA Today does a cool piece on Helen Greiner 89 SM 90, founder of iRobot, and her path to success. MIT student hacks his dorm room door lock Dheera Venkatraman, a crafty MIT student, has just completed the latest iteration in a series of upgrades to his dorm room door lock. Now because MITs administration doesnt like it if you hack the door locks or the strike plates, Dheera needed an innovative way to enter his own room without using a key. Hes gone through a series of various door-opening mechanisms over the last couple of years our favorite one required scanning a barcode on a box of EZ Mac to gain entry but hes finally settled on the simplest design, a computer-less setup that involves a microcontroller, a motor, and a PS/2 (waterproof) keyboard. (Hes got a much more technical explanation, including a circuit diagram and drivers on his website, in case your SO / parents / kids also have rules about messing with your house). Were now taking bets on how long it takes his MIT classmates to crack his password. Americas Best Leaders: ERIC LANDER Science Across the Borders The Eric Lander-led Human Genome Project learned more about human beings than anyone thought possible. Lander accomplished that feat by tapping into what he already knew about humans, like how to make them collaborate. Now, at the new Broad Institute in Cambridge, Mass., hes trying to learn even more. Eric Landers name is familiar to anyone who has kept an eye on scientific breakthroughs of the past decade or so: As a member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, he played a key role in steering the Human Genome Project to completion. Heading up the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, hes got a hand in most of the things that are possible now that the human genome is sequenced. The challenge for biology, he says, is no less than to reveal the molecular basis of human disease. His to do list includes discovering the mechanisms of cancer, decoding the signals that cells use to communicate, and laying bare the sources of genetic variation. Hes equally enthusiastic about developing the technology and techniques needed to do that work. But Lander is not one of those researchers more comfortable dealing with lab rats than people. His multifaceted background (he was trained in mathematics and taught economics before going into biology) helps him talk across scientific borders and steer notoriously individualistic scientists to work together. With his easy metaphors, he can get even lay audiences excited about concepts that otherwise would sail over their heads. Co-founder of iRobot was told thats too science-fiction When Helen Greiner saw Star Wars as a child, she was captivated by the 1977 films legendary robot, R2D2, but disillusioned to learn the droid was actually animated by a tiny man inside. So Greiner set about making her own robots. Today, her company, iRobot, produces the award-winning Roomba, the first automatic vacuum, as well as a suite of military robots that dispose of bombs and clear caves in war zones such as Afghanistan and Iraq. But coaxing venture capitalists to shell out millions for a kids science-fiction fantasy wasnt easy. After earning a masters in computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1990, Greiner founded iRobot with a classmate, Colin Angle, and an MIT professor, Rodney Brooks. To pay for research, the start-up sold robots to colleges, research labs and government agencies for eight years. By the late 1990s, the company needed venture money as it had designed prototype military robots and was developing automatic cleaning devices. Although robots were common in factories, none were going out on their own into unstructured environments, says Greiner, 38, who is company chairman and was responsible for pitching the idea to venture capital firms. Although the company rounded up $15 million from 1998 to 2002, Greiner had to approach dozens of firms. I was turned down by most of the major VCs in the country, she says. One guy said to me, Thats too science-fiction.' You can read the entire articles here: MIT student hacks his dorm room door lock: Engadget Americas Best Leaders: Science Across the Borders: US News World Report Co-founder of iRobot was told thats too science-fiction: USA Today

Communication Is The Cornerstone From Which All Concerted...

Communication Communication is the cornerstone from which all concerted efforts are enabled. In her study, Fisher (2009) stated that communication is one of the five critical elements of leadership. Fisher (2009) also identified that, as social change agents, our charge is to empower our clients to reach the upper tiers of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs through the use of â€Å"proaction (thinking ahead), values and ethics, empowerment, vision, and communication† (p.355). However, Cottham’s (2015) TED talk, she reported that to be effective in the world of social services, agencies and professionals must move on beyond mere communication and make relationship building social services’ primary concern. Although the VA is (presently) a well-funded, executive branch cabinet level institution which services a select population of Americans, the bureaucracy does not promote relationships. Veterans must qualify for services, in which the VA acts as the gatekeepe r to these much needed resources. If the veteran qualifies for services, they are likely to be subject to a faceless medical model that tries to do too much for veterans with finite resources. The organization is so large that many employees do not know what services are available to veterans even when the resources are located on the same campus. With the advent of E-mail, the VA makes an ineffective attempt to educate its employees by bombarding them with countless announcements, which are likely to be discarded withoutShow MoreRelatedIncreasing Organization Capacity9017 Words   |  37 PagesAssignments †¢ Exam Increasing Capacity Page 1 What Is a Project? 1. There are two types of work performed by organizations: operations and projects 2. A proposal, scheme or design. A task requiring considerable or concerted effort (The Collins Dictionary) 3. We all have projects:E.G. Find a job, buy a car, and buy a house Then, if we want to change anything – we work out a scheme, finance it, and carry it out †Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬  A PROJECT 4. Our project needs : CONTROL - Otherwise there may be problemsRead MoreIocl Organisation Study8242 Words   |  33 Pagesprice of $ 79.25 per barrel in 2007-08. The domestic consumers were shielded from the spiralling crude oil prices in the initial half of the year. However, when the crude prices fell, the government reduced the prices of petrol and diesel twice, by Rs.5 per litre and Rs. 2 per litre respectively in December, 2008 and January, 2009. Further, domestic LPG prices were also reduced by Rs. 25 per cylinder in January, 2009. 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Internship Weekly Report - 2814 Words

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These reports were given to upper executives of the company. My learning objectives were to develop an understandi ng of operations of subsidiary and increase QuickBooks knowledge. I had to learn processes andRead MoreQuiz on the CIPP Model of Evaluation755 Words   |  3 Pagesfinal exam? Summative? What are the formative assessments? Quality of assessment? Are there parts of the course that are excluded from evaluation? How do learners USE what they have learned? What are the main lesson leaned? Is there an official report? Overview of Lesson Workshop Nursing Process and the Care of the Client with Endocrine Disorders Apply appropriate client care to those experiencing issues with endocrine system Develop a collaborative care plan Identify and understand major

A Million Little Pieces Character List Free Essays

A Million Little Pieces Characters James (1:1) Main character, miserable, self centered, drug addict Mom (1:2) James mother, she’s always upset, sad, she cries a lot Dad (1: 2) Is in charge of most family affairs, happy, concerned Nurse (1:8) she wears all white, smiles a lot administers the shots Men in White (1:11) the men in white take him away Doctor Baker (1:15) kind eyes, rehab doctor, helpful James’s love interest Lilly (1:18) black hair and blue eyes, drug addict Lilly’s Dad (1:23) Left Lilly’s family when she was four Lilly’s Mom (1:23) Heroin addict, prostitute Lilly’s Grandmother (1:23) pays for Lilly’s, cared for Lilly as a child, dies while Lilly is still in rehab Roy (1:23) James roommate, follows the rules Larry (1:25)35 southern accent, short, alcoholic Warren (1:25)50, tall, thin, well dressed John (1:26) nervous and hypersexual ninja, addicted to coke Ken (1:28) Unit recovery counselor, nice at first but ends up being awful Hank (1:35) the driver who works at the rehab, James friend, messy looking old man with white hair and blue eyes Dentist Stevens (1:36) does James surgery, he doesn’t use pain killers Amy (1:43) James sober friend Lucinda (1:43) James sober friend Courtney (1:43) James sober friend Lincoln (1:53) Unit supervisor, he hates James Joanne (1:53) Staff psychologist, secretly dating hank Ed (1:56) short man, nosey, blue collar worker Ted (1:76) tall man, deep southern accent Bill (1:77) the founder of AA Michelle (1:80) one of the only people who comes to visit James in rehab, James’ sober friend Bald Man (1:85) Alcoholic, has a wife and two kids, cries during a group meeting and gets made fun of Mickey (2:121) the gangster that Leo looked up to as a child, adopted him when he was a teenager, married to Geena Geena (2:121) Mickey’s wife and Leonard’s adopted mother, very sweet Eric (2:125) Roy’s friend who tells the counselors that Roy picked the fight Julie (2:126) James friend who comes to see him in rehab, very for giving Kirk (2:126) James friend, who comes to visit him in rehab, Matt (2:161) Featherweight Champion, addicted to crack Daniel (3:247) Counselor at family rehab center Sophie (3:259) Addict, alcoholic, married to Tony, is in the same rehab as James Michael (4:353) James friend, one of the guys who go with James to the bar for his first time when he’s out of rehab Kevin (4:424) James friend, one of the guys who goes with James to the bar for his first time when he’s out of rehab Bob (4:424)James friend, one of the guys who goes with James to the bar for his first time when he’s out of rehab Chapter One- (112 pages) James is a drug addict who is angry, sad and on the verge of death. In order to stay alive he must learn to live a sober life so his family sends him to rehab. In the rehab facility he finds a group of patients he fits in with and gets in a fight with Roy. We will write a custom essay sample on A Million Little Pieces Character List or any similar topic only for you Order Now Chapter Two- (113pages) James continues rehab and is doing well. He starts to make friends with Leonard and they help each other through rehab. James also begins to meet secretly with a girl named Lilly even though it’s against regulations. James has an older brother that starts coming to see him on visiting days. Chapter Three- (113 pages) James begins family counseling and is having a lot of trouble dealing with his parents. Meanwhile, Lilies grandmother gets sick so Lilly leaves the rehab facility and relapses. Despite the consequences James goes after her, he does not relapse and they return together. Chapter Four- (69 pages) Aside from having nightmares about using drugs James is doing well in rehab and Lilly is recovering. James is released from rehab, shortly after Lilly’s grandmother dies and Lilly commits suicide. James is doing well and has yet to relapse. How to cite A Million Little Pieces Character List, Papers

Marketing Washington DC

Question: Discuss about the Marketingfor Washington DC. Answer: In this research, the advertisement and availability of little cigars and cigarettes are being studied. The retail prices of tobacco and cigars in the market are being studied in the research paper. The study has been conducted by the method of sampling. The sample needs to be selected for this purpose. The stores around Washington DC that sells tobacco are being chosen for data collection. A multivariate linear model has been used for the purpose of the study. The data collection involves the use of a real time observation system. The odds ratio of the ease of use of LCC is being calculated at first and then the multivariate linear model has been fitted. The extent of relationship between the region of the country and the price of the cigarettes has also been calculated for the purpose of the study. The data collected from the 750 retailed outlet of licensed tobacco seller of Washington DC had been analyzed using multivariate models and it was seen that both the price per cigarillo and odds of availability of little cigar and cigarillo had decreased significantly in the manner of dose response with the increase in each quartile in the proportion of African Americas (Cantrell et al. 2013). There was a rise in the sale of cigar sales by 221% from the year 2000 to 2011. It was also seen that the companies had spent over 90% of their $8.4 billion in their budget of marketing in 2011. This had resulted in the survey to find the statistics of LCC. The prices of little cigar and other cigarettes has been found to be lower than regular price. The population of the young adult neighborhood was mainly found to have higher proportions of the African Americans. It was seen that these young adults and the African American were associated more with the exterior advertisement of little cigar a nd cigarillo. It was concluded from the study that the availability of the higher percentage of little cigar and cigarillo in the communities of African Americans and the lower price of these little cigar and cigarillo was seen to trigger the smoking habits in these groups. It can also be concluded that with the higher amount of outdoor advertising in the minority community of the neighborhood of young adults had developed environment to increase the smoking activities, initiate them and they get addicted to these smoking. Thus, it was seen that the availability, price and promotion of little cigar and cigarillo in this region and created a long term negative impact on the health of these people. Reference Cantrell, J., Kreslake, J.M., Ganz, O., Pearson, J.L., Vallone, D., Anesetti-Rothermel, A., Xiao, H. and Kirchner, T.R., 2013. Marketing little cigars and cigarillos: advertising, price, and associations with neighborhood demographics.American journal of public health,103(10), pp.1902-1909.

Learning and Performance

Introduction The concept of learning was extensively discussed by Bruner, a prominent scholar in the psychological field. However, several intellectuals considerably contributed to the subject, by employing several experiments and research projects, thus modifying the concept (Kellogg, 2002). They studied the theories of learning beginning from immaturity stage until the adult periods. Ultimately, they represented their findings in writing, which was later published for other educational purposes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Learning and Performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Describe the concept of learning Concept learning begins at a child’s birth and proceeds all through its lifetime period. It is further noted that concept learning only happens in the following ways, i.e., concept formation and assimilation. Concept formation entails how an infant struggles to learn and recognize shapes, col or, and names of things. For instance, under normal circumstances, a child should be able to learn all these, by the age of three. Concept acquisition often results from what we bump into such as new words, thus learning them. For instance, one may encounter a new word from a dictionary thus finding out its meaning. There are specific issues associated with concept learning, for instance, determining whether there are single or numerous mechanisms and the problem of determining what was done before an individual attain the knowledge. Concept learning is extensively influenced by certain types of knowledge, i.e., the casual and the schemas (Eysenck Keane, 2005). Several problems also characterize concept learning; for instance, lack of knowledge theories that may assist in inferring knowledge impacts. Additionally, it is tricky to have an extensive conceptualization of the factors that led to the attainment of knowledge. Distinguish between learning and performance There exist a con siderable difference between learning and performance. Learning is influenced by factors such as training, rewards, partial reinforcement, and interstimulus time; whereas, performance is influenced by motivations and individual effort (Benjamin, 2007). Tolman, prominent psychology, contributed to the difference by insisting that learning is unobservable, and it’s exclusively evaluated and deduced by performance. Tolman also mentioned that learning is an internal process; whereas, on the contrary, he regarded performance as a behavior (external).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Comparing and contrasting the conceptual approaches There exist two types of theoretical approaches, which noted as ecological and nonecological approaches. These approaches are directly linked to the study of learning, with different extensive explanations from several psychologists. It is noted that th ese two approaches consist of certain qualities; some of them are common to both methods, while others are not. The Ecological approach to the study of learning An ecological approach is considered as a product of traditional learning theory; in other words, the conventional learning theories played a vital role in developing the approach. However, despite its traditional origin, it is essential to acknowledge that, this theory approaches learning from a nontraditional perspective. The ecological approach also stresses that learning has certain features, which are decided by either two of the following reasons, i.e., previous happenings during the development period or by preontogenic factors that existed in their ancestors. The environment is one of the primary factors considered in defining and explaining the ecological factor. It plays a fundamental role in influencing the investigation and scrutiny of the learning process. Conclusively, the ecological approach connects learning with behavior, which is also extensively influenced by the environment. Nonecological approach to the study of learning The nonecological approach assumes a different position regarding the hitches of environmental explanations. It describes the environment as a collection of several stimuli and reinforcers. The application of stimuli on the approach utterly renders it nonecological, since it is unspecific to a particular person. It is noted that nonecological approach pilots the formation of several theories, although they are exclusively nonecological. Ultimately, it is also imperative, not to forget that tradition plays an extensive role in supporting the nonecological approach. Conclusion Bruner initially discussed the concept of learning, and then followed by several modifications by different scholars. The two concepts, i.e., learning and performance are dissimilar in various capacities, despite the extreme associations between them. There exist two types of conceptual approac hes, i.e., concerning learning; therefore, it is extraordinarily significant to understand the dissimilarity and the similarity within the terms, for a compelling understanding of the topic.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Learning and Performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Benjamin, T. L. (2007). A brief history of modern psychology. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Eysenck, W. M. Keane, M. T. (2005). Cognitive psychology: a student’s handbook. New York: Taylor and Francis. Kellogg, T. R. (2002). Cognitive psychology. California: Sage. This essay on Learning and Performance was written and submitted by user Ally Branch to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Cavaliers and Roundheads essays

Cavaliers and Roundheads essays Two different political groups, the Cavaliers and Roundheads fought for power during the 17th century civil war in England. The Cavaliers put their support behind the king, Charles I. They believed that one man with direction would be better and less confusing then many men fighting over the fate of the country. The Roundheads supported the Parliament, and did not believe that an absolute monarch should run the country. They thought one person having the say over everything would be a good idea. Cavaliers, also called royalist, did not believe the parliament should have power. They were Roman Catholic as opposed to the Roundheads, who were Protestants. Their fashionable wigs differed greatly then the fashion of the Roundheads. The word Cavalier stands for gallant and haughty. No great leader existed like Cromwell proved to be for the Roundheads. The Roundheads, also known as Parliamentarians, opposed the Cavaliers, and they supported the Parliament. Their name referred to the short haircuts that they wore. They did not care about being fashionable like the Cavaliers. The stern and successful Oliver Cromwell led the Roundheads. However, upon his death in 1658 the Roundheads slowly fell in power thanks to Olivers son, Richard. The Cavaliers and the Roundheads fought over power during the 17th century. Initially, The Roundheads won thanks to the tactics of Cromwell. Over 3,000 Roman Catholics died in one battle. However, after the death of Cromwell, his son proved unworthy of power. The Parliament restored Charles II as king. Many differences existed between the two political parties. The Cavaliers stayed on the side of the king, and the Roundheads stayed on the side of the parliament. Much fighting occurred, but in the end not too much got accomplished. Cromwell actually refused the crown, but still had won the battles. After his death, The Cavaliers restored power to King Char...

Ruskins Influence on Victorian Architecture Essay

Ruskins Influence on Victorian Architecture - Essay Example For many years, theorists in Victoria believed that a building not only conveyed meanings but also communicate these meanings in deep precision.1 The meanings communicated vary widely from the society, past, present, the architect, occupants, materials, man, God, its functions, among other meanings, all encoded in its form. However, most Victorian authors believed that between the Middle Ages and the 19th century, the unique architecture in Victoria lost its identity and meaning, and had become dishonest, empty and irrelevant.1 Ruskin was called a prophet and a true polymath with thorough knowledge of the Bible, which he deeply knew, and intimately meditated by heart.2 He was later to use this knowledge to reform this art that had lost meaning. Due to this immense understanding, Ruskin sought to know more and understand the world around him, and would later become a reformer to remedy the evils of a â€Å"dissolutely reforming and vulgarly manufacturing age.†3 Ruskin saw an En gland that had sacrificed, and ignored the love of man, and had embraced the love of wealth and progress, which was honesty to self-interests. 1. Kaufman N.E., (1982). The weight and vigor of their masses: mid-Victorian churches and the lamp of Power in the Ruskin Polygon. Manchester: John Dixon Hunt., p30 2. Atwood, S.E., (2006). â€Å"A cowslip form an oxlip and a blackthorn form a white:† Ruskin’s educational; philosophy and Fors Clavigera. UMI, Ann Arbor, 48106-1346., p1 3. Craig, D.M., (2004). Naves and Nukes: John Ruskin as â€Å"Augustinian† social theorist? Journal of Religious Ethics, 32(2); pp325-356. Ruskin remarked that the world had forgotten and done way with its soul, and has to be brought back to the things that determined its peace and coexistence.4 It was due to the immorality in the society that Ruskin developed a moral philosophy, which he taught through architectural works and drawings. For example, he likened buildings with sentiment beings remarking that the wall should be â€Å"like an organized creature†, which answer, and can end in living energetically. Generally, Ruskin remarked how wonderful it would be to read buildings, and how more wonderful it would be, if these buildings could speak to people.5 Ruskin aim was to transform the society in England through his deep moral teachings, and love for nature that represented coexistence and harmony. His â€Å"logical drives through deep religious impulses was not a clerical career but was more of a prophetic one†.6 Through his artistic work Ruskin, continued to advocate social reforms, though he declined any pretensions of leadership.6 To explain his simplicity and value for home as representing families, Ruskin had much if his paintings on domestic architecture. Ruskin had a love for picturesque, the essence of a house as a home, and the idea that a home has to be built by the inhabitants.7 Largely, Ruskin opened a new dimension in artistic work where he saw artistic work, and economic life as mutually reinforcing realms of human entity, either for good or bad, depending on the social relationships that govern the two.8 His treasure on unity and aesthetic is found when he defended the gothic style in terms of its appreciation for higher and lower nature of all things.9 4. Masterfield, J. (1920).

Auditing - Madoff Securities Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Auditing - Madoff Securities - Research Paper Example Bernard Madoff had been able to dupe thousands of investors across the world through the famous Ponzi scheme (The Wall Street Journal, 2009). The company had been keeping its investment strategies secrets for years which already hinted at the fact that there is something significantly wrong going on behind the closed doors of Madoff Securities in the Wall Street. A proper investigation of how a company can give such abnormally high returns to its investors for years may have exposed the Ponzi scheme earlier. One of the main reasons why the Ponzi scheme had not been detected from external sources is that the high returns from the financial schemes offered by Madoff Securities incited greed among the general people which often made them invest blindly in these schemes. Also, the oversight on the part of the regulators of the capital markets added to the factor of Ponzi scheme going undetected for years. For a firm which has invested in Madoff Securities, the materiality of the investments made by the company in Madoff Securities should be evaluated and established by the auditors of the investing firm. Also, the nature and amount of transactions should have been evaluated carefully. There would be associated risks of the possibility of material misstatement of the company being reported in the consolidated financial statements and the financial reports of the company. The auditors should also evaluate the risk assessment capabilities of the investing firm and take steps to detect any fraudulent reporting of the investing company in their financial reports caused by the investments in Madoff Securities. The key audit procedures included in the Audit Sections should be followed in this case. These would include a calculation of the fair value of the investments, performance of analytical procedures, inspection of the supporting documentations done for subsequent settlement or realiza tion of the investments

Implementation Of The BIM Technology Information Technology Essay

Implementation Of The BIM Technology Information Technology Essay Around the globe, designers have started using the new technology known as BIM which is still to be used by their Indian counterparts. Their reluctance to use this technology has held them back in aspects like walkthroughs and visualizations (Autodesk, 2005). There could be two factors for the lack of use of this technology. This technology is not known by the designers or the users of the Indian AEC industry lack the skills required to use this technology. BIM services are being outsourced by the Indian development centers to places like UK, U.S and the countries in Europe in order to avoid any delays, clashes on site, cost overruns etc. The Indian talent is being made use of by the AEC firms situated in U.K, U.S and the European countries. They are getting various advantages like the talent of Indian developers and low cost production (PRLog, 2007). Complex designs and projects are being built by Indian architects. There are requirements is aspects like integration and information technology, development, simulation, communication, coordination and knowledge sharing. At present, there is no standard consistency regarding the use of the BIM technology and the process of its implementation. This lack of uniformity has been acknowledged even by the Associated General Contractors of America. A lot of software firms have tried to get the best of BIM by developing programs pertaining to several parts of the BIM although none so far have looked at it as a transformation process. This is one of the reasons that we need to build a standard and make the implementation of the BIM technology on the global scale. Significance Architecture is a well to do field in India with a vast client base (Autodesk, 2005). The systems are according to the global standards which are managed by well trained staff of skilled people. There has been rapid modernization in the form of malls, IT parks, and residential complexes in India which has led to the demand of architects. India is still a developing country and is short on infrastructure in almost every sector (Autodesk, 2005). Construction and planning is taking place in full force at present. The low wages of worker has been a factor in using alternate automated solutions. The advantage of BIM however is found in savings and better system than the competitors. The time of turnaround is less which is a huge factor to gain a competitive edge. Firms in architecture should use this technology and stay ahead with the times by keeping in sync with the technology and engineering aspect of architecture. The design of a building should follow a non deterministic method rathe r than forming a closed opinion from the start. New architectural experiments can be performed with the help of this approach to achieve tectonic perfection. Purpose The use of BIM systems in combination with simulation and analytical tools helps in building of a prototype of the building, gain information related to activities of construction and performance even before breaking ground. High value is associated with such a prototype. BIM is useful in such situations as it encourages designers to improve the quality and efficiency by avoiding less than effective practices and making use of the best available techniques. It is necessary for BIM to create a digital model which can be used to ascertain schedule, quality take offs and estimates to lessen the effort and time spent on it. This is required to achieve the optimum benefit of BIM. The project purpose is to find the difficulties in front of Indian architects with regards to the use of BIM while being aware of the principles of the Indian AEC industry to create a strategy for implementation of BIM technology. Building Information Modeling or BIM is a process of documentation which gives information related to the various phases of a project like planning, construction, design, operation and facility management. It is a documentation process providing details of construction application and operational visualization, design coordination and scheduling. The main benefit of using BIM is the aspect of visual coordination used in building systems such as MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing). It is also useful in the identification of difficulties that can be taken care of before the construction of building resulting in savings in terms of time and money (Damian, Han Yan and Peter (1)). In a report by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, it was reported (NIST, 2004 (2)) regarding the lack of necessary interoperability that burdens the U.S facilities by around 15.8 billion dollars every year. The BIM technology application has thus far not been used in India but has the chance to use it on a large scale. Introduction Architectural Documentation of Structures BIM has enabled maturity of the Architectural Documentation. A properly maintained documentation using a system can be dated back to the Renaissance in the presentation of the plans for Santa Maria del Fiore by Fillippo Brunelleschi in Italy. The patron was made to understand the design of the building by means of drawings. Architectural Documentation has become more modern in its usage over the years. A data model can be created from the design process to the conceptual and operational phase with the computer aided software. A summary of the evolution of the Architectural Documentation ahs been mentioned in the following text. First phase- Early 1980s: The design documents before the year 1980 were made with the help of lines that would represent the building. The documents would be of the pattern of plan, elevation and section that acted as the base to show the picture of the building to be created. Second phase- At the start of the twenty first century: Building that are constructed nowadays are complex in nature than ever before. The drawings of the building are worked upon by a large number of people. There is a phenomenal increase in the number of buildings which can be owed to the technological advances. Buildings are constructed keeping in mind HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning) and energy necessities. Computer technology helps in greatly reducing errors but one has to remember that the collections in the end are created manually in the form of text and lines. BIM Concept There is a change in the expectation and process taking place in the Indian construction field in lieu of the economic ups and downs and the architects have stepped up to the plate. There has been a change in the working of the more common 2D based practice related to economic, functional and energy. A single database can be used to share the disciplines in a project. Structure, architecture, electrical, mechanical, construction ad infrastructures are bind together and the coordination between all these factors is a tough task. Energy analysis can take place along with the design phase. The costs of construction have become predictable. With BIM, it is possible to use a parametric 3D model to generate automatically building documents like sections, plans, details, elevations and schedule. BIM supported software produces drawings that are in correlation with representation of the model. If there are any changes made in the project, they are coordinated in the rest of the project autom atically. This is a big advantage as there is lesser risk of coordination issues and helps in improving the quality of work on the whole. Various modeling software packages are known that can be used in the application of conceptual level models although they do not possess the capability of documenting a design for construction of a building. CAD and BIM The basic difference in Computer Aided Design or CAD and BIM is that CAD is a 2D document that is created separately and does not relate in any way to the other documents created separately. A wall is represented by two lines in CAD. A wall is created as an interactive tool in BIM that has its specifications like height, width, bearing and nonbearing principle, interior or exterior, fire rating, demolished or new and materials such as bricks and boards. All the information is assembled by the BIM platform into one single location and then goes on to cross link the data among its related objects. Linkage is not seen between the data that is developed by CAD. Comparative efficiency between BIM and CAD is seen in Table 1. In case of BIM, there are three types of information which is related to the model. Object based geometry- For instance; in BIM a window is an object with qualities similar to a real window rather than just being a collection of lines, points and surfaces. The wall receives a window when the window is placed in the wall by means of adjusting the geometry to fit the placement of the window. The wall allows the window o be placed in locations that are pre defined by the parameters that have been programmed for it. Parametric integrity is yet another feature of BIM geometry which relates to the connection between elements which are maintained consistently even when the model is being manipulated. For instance, suppose a window was programmed to a distance of four feet from a door and there is movement in the position of the window then the window automatically moves itself in order to maintain the distance of four feet from the door. The second form of information related to the BIM model is the non graphical information. It defines the structure and function of the model and any properties that are related to it like fire rating, cost, reflectivity, materials content and conductivity. There is a big list of these properties which is limited only by the information that is required the computation power required to process it. Linked information is the third form of information which is associated but not contained in the model directly. Gantt charts and fabricatorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s shop drawings used in scheduling and construction are two such examples of this form of information. A common incorrect assumption is that CAD relates to 2D design whereas BIM relates to 3D design. CAD technology can also be used for 3D designs. The main concern for any BIM service is whether the model that has been created is computable or not. Information regarding the model can be easily understood according too the modelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s purpose if the model is computable. For example, a 3D model wall that looks good will not be understood by the computer as a wall. The wall cannot insert a window in it and cannot be viewed as a wall created by raw materials. Another aspect of BIM is the Virtual Design and Construction or VDC. According to CIFE, VDC is defined as the use of multidisciplinary performance models of design construction projects. CIFE acknowledges BIM as a tool useful to support product design that is a part of VDC which highlights the organization, product and design construction operation team processes. It is said by some that BIM is more than design software and can be viewed as a module that involves the whole project team. Irrespective of the definition of BIM, the success in implementation of VDC or BIM lies in the coordination throughout all the project teams which is talked about in later parts of the paper. 1.2 Big BIM vendors There are many high roller vendors in the BIM technology market. REVIT is the creation of Autodesk that is directed towards the collection of all the building elements in a single database which helps in providing the users to see results of design modification quickly and enable them to identify interference issues. Bentley Systems makes use of another approach that produces a family of the application modules that relate to each other easily. The modules include Bentley Structural, Bentley architecture, Bentley Building Electrical Systems and Bentley Building Mechanical Systems. Graphisoft is another big name that was purchased by a German firm by the name of Nemetschek in the year 2006. The approach of their BIM is to make a virtual building model to support their main product ArchiCAD that would associate itself with other applications. At last, there is CATIA which was developed by Dassault Systemes that was created for the aerospace industry. It has been adapted by Gehry Technologies to use it in the AEC industry. 1.3 Contribution Building owners and developers lay the most emphasis on information modeling as said by publications related to BIM. A definitive framework to show the value in the life cycle of the creation of the building is missing. For instance, The Contractors Guide to BIM which is established by The Associated General Contractors of America is an informative and precise document with the focus being on BIM from the point of view of a contractor. Similarly, publications floated by fabrication or design related organizations show the perspective of their companies. It is clear from the above two statements that the content of the information on BIM is in favor of the organization who writes it which is more often than This paper is from the point of view of developers and owners who are the most important factor in the construction industry as these entities are responsible for the expense related to the creation of a building. 2 Methodologies Published information was used for the majority of data provided in this paper that contains the following- Journal and magazine articles Publications related to trade organizations Marketing publications and white papers by software vendors Presentation of practitioners Academic papers Case studies Surveys Architects, developers and researchers were interviewed like, Sera Architects and Gerding Edlen Development, LLC which are both outside of Portland., Oregon. The selection of the firms was based on their prior experience with valid developments and implementations of BIM. Researchers like John Kunz and Martin Fischer from Stanford University and Professor Chuck Eastman from Georgia Tech were interviewed. Selection of individuals was based on their expertise with BIM related techniques and architectural computing. The main criterion was to find out the reliability of the data with regards to the completion or near completion of the project. Case data from a yet to be started project has not been included since this paper is from the perspective of the developer. Statements from online publications, articles and interviews were not entirely in specification with the project and hence the same criterion was not used as the statements may refer to multiple project experiences. The different forms of data found in this paper ranges from quantitative data to qualitative opinions about time, cost and efficiency. Quantitative information on the performance of the project was taken into account to gauge the level of effectiveness of a particular modeling implementation or modeling. BIM technology is a fairly new concept and practitioners wanted to see proof of the value of the BIM implementation to a project before investing resources and time. The information from real projects shows this proof and the errors and lessons that have been learned from previous mistakes. The major portion if the quantified information seen in this paper is taken from development projects of major size like office and residential towers, schools, hotels and event centers. The bias in data is mainly due to lack of information on the use of BIM in small scale projects. There is a degree of uncertainty if the lack of information is the reason behind the application of BIM in small scale projects or whether the information related to small projects using BIM is not being published. Additional information on the small projects using BIM would further enhance the argument on the benefits of BIM. 2 Questionnaires 2.1 Objectives and sample This questionnaire has got two major objectives. The first is to survey and find the ratio of AEC companies in the U.S, U.K and other nations that use BIM. The next objective is to determine the benefits these companies enjoy from this technology. The AEC industry academics and practitioners were sent the questionnaire to fill up. Analysis was the focus for the two countries of U.K and U.S. U.S is clearly ahead of the rest in the development of the BIM technology. The companies in U.K have spent a lot of time to carry out research on this technology. Some of the companies are leaning towards this technology. Academics who participated in the research of BIM also took part in the questionnaire. Poverty Issue in Pakistan There are several facets to poverty in the country of Pakistan. The people suffering from poverty in Pakistan are secluded from basic amenities like clean drinking water, education, proper sanitation and health. This discourages them and their abilities while limiting their opportunities to get a safe and secure employment. This tends to the poor being secluded from society and exposes them to a sad affair of states. This problem only worsens as the government does not make any policies and plans for the betterment of these people and help them in the long run. The depth and extent of the poverty calculated from different ways based on different definitions and indices used but there is a general consensus regarding the shocking state of the people suffering from poverty. It has been agreed upon by all that the fight against poverty seen in the 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s has died down entirely. IF anything, the extent of poverty has only increased at the turn of the next decade as there was no per capita growth in GDP. The government in Pakistan on the basis of the information available regarding the current situation of the people living in poverty has agree with the IPRSP with respect to the trends in the prevalence of poverty. During this period, the Planning Division has enforced an official poverty line that is based on the norm of 2350 calories per adult per day. Strategy of poverty reduction The poverty reduction strategy has basically been put in place to help the needy who have long been suppressed by the conditions brought on to them on account of poverty. Those living under the poverty line in Pakistan have to face a lot of hardships on a daily basis and it is of essence to provide them with some facilities in order to improve their standard of living both socially and economically. The poverty reduction scheme of the Pakistan government is based on the following principles: Increasing the economic growth and keeping the macroeconomic condition stable. Human capital investment Expansion of social safety nets Bettering the governance The major steps and policies brought into effect by the Pakistan government are the following: Financial sector Reforms and Monetary Policy Market based indirect instruments are used to conduct the monetary policy in Pakistan. The free float exchange rate prevalent from July 2000 has meant that the monetary policy has a huge impact on the exchange rate, surpluses, rising current account and the liquidity as a result seen in the inter bank foreign exchange market, pressure exerted on the U.S$ and Rupee parity by H1-FY03. The state Bank of Pakistan has kept intact the cautious policy standpoint and mopped up the major portion of the excess liquidity from the inter bank market witch enabled the rupee to increase in value. The value of the rupee increased by just 3.1% throughout the period. The monetary standpoint adopted is unlikely to change if there is no shift in the inflation overview. There has been a drop in the average lending rates from fourteen percent in the NOV. 2001. To more than ten billion dollars in the recent time and the return from the National Savings Scheme instruments have decreased. The major parts of financial sector reforms are: Measures include elimination credit controls, interest rates and lower cash reserve ratio, development of financial market that include treasury bill market, inter bank market, increased competition, capital markets, high competition in between banks, foreign firms and privatization of financial institutions, strengthening prudential supervision and regulation, enforcement of anti money laundering law in FY04 made for establishment of Financial Intelligence Unit. The strategy for reducing strategy keeps in mind the social, economic and governance. The aim is to improve development that should be proportional to every citizen that includes the unemployed, poor, illiterate, ill health, poor sanitation and housing and unclean drinking water. The main objectives of the policy are: Providing the essential productive assets to those who are poor. Providing a safety net to take care of the very poor. Enhancing the capability of people with the help of human development programs. Providing the necessary resources to finance the programs made for reducing the poverty. Strengthening and reforming the institutions to deliver the public services in a better manner. Micro finance- The concept of micro credit has become a very helpful tool to enabling the poor in increasing their income. Reducing their vulnerability to shocks and building small businesses. Microfinance can be applied to more aspects like savings, credit and insurance as part of the broader services. This concept has many institutions like the First Microfinance bank, Kashf Foundation, First Women Bank and SME Bank. The disbursements and the beneficiaries of the microfinance can be seen in Table 10.1 for the period of 2008-2009, 2009-2010 and the target for 2010-2011. The State Bank of Pakistan has been very helpful in the encouragement that they have provided to Development Financial Institutions and banks to work towards the funding of Microfinance Institutions, NGOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and Microfinance Banks in order to achieve the targeted outreach. TO further enhance the passage of funds to the field of microfinance, The State Bank of Pakistan has developed a Microfinance Credit Guarantee Facility or MCFG which helps in easing the constraints on credit. This is viewed as an incentive by the microfinance institutions and ultimately helps the general public in their fight against poverty and to get a new lease of life in the right direction. In accordance with the MCFG facility, The State Bank of Pakistan provides a guarantee cover to a percentage of forty on the principal amount in the scenario of a partial Guarantee and to a percent of twenty five in the scenario of First Loss Default Guarantee on the facility of credit being extended to the qu alifying borrowing institution by the lending institution. The micro finance institutions that are in place currently are sure to be supported strongly by the development of service and product innovations and also the enhancement to the access of credit for women Microfinance services are set for a considerable amount of expansion that will be seen both horizontally and vertically which will help in the long run for the strengthening of the framework for the financial services being provided from the legal point of view.

Numerical Problems

Managerial Economics Numerical Problems DEMAND AND ELASTICITY OF DEMAND Problem 1 The following are demand and supply equations of a pen manufacturer. Qd = 5,00,000 – 50, 000 P Qs = -1,00,000 + 1,00,000 P Find 1. At what average price, level of demand is equal to zero. 2. At what average price, level of supply is equal to zero. 3. Calculate the equilibrium price and quantity. Problem 2 Yashika Limited manufactures an automatic camera that currently sells at uS$90. Sales volume is about 2,000 cameras per month in a city. A close competitor, Minolta, has cut the price of a similar camera it makes from US$ 100 to US$80. Yashika’s economist has estimated the arc cross elasticity of demand between the two rival firms’ products at about 0. 4, given current incomes and price levels. What impact, if any, will the action by Minolta have on the total revenue generated by Yahika, if it leaves its current price unchanged? YASHIKA |MINOLTA | |P1y = 90 |P1m = 100 | |Q1y = 2,000 |P2m = 80 | |Q2y = to be determined |Cross elasticity of demand = 0. 4 | Problem 3 Bajaj Appliances Ltd. manufactures a line of microwave ovens costing US$500 each. Its sales have averaged about 6,000 units per month during 2001. In June 2002, Bajaj’s closest competitor LG had cut its oven’s price from US$600 to US$450. Bajaj noticed that its sales volume declined to 4,500 units per month after the price cut by its rival LG. 1. What is the arc cross price elasticity of demand between the two? 2. Would you say that these two firms are very close competitors? 3. If Bajaj knows that the arc price elasticity of demand for its ovens is –3. 0, what price it would have charged to sell same number of units it did before its rival LG resorted to a price cut? Problem 4 Demand for mobile phone handsets by a popular company in Bangalore city is estimated to be Qd = 2,50,000- 35P. If this relationship is approximately valid for next year also, 1. How many mobile phones would be demanded at a price of Rs. 2,000, 4,000, and 6,000 a set? 2. Compute the arc price elasticity between 2,000 and 4,000; 4,000 and 6,000. 3. Calculate point elasticity at 2,000, 4,000 and 6,000. 4. If last year 25,000 units were sold, what would have been the average price? 5. What is the highest theoretical price for the mobile handset in Bangalore for this seller? Problem 5 The demand function for wall clocks in a city has been estimated to be Q= 2000 +15Y-5. 5P Where Y is income in thousand rupees, Q is quantity in units, and P is unit price. When P=150, y =15, find 1. Price elasticity of demand 2. Income elasticity of demand Problem 6 Two goods have a cross elasticity of +1. 2 1. Would describe them as substitutes or compliments? Give examples for supporting the category that you chose. 2. If price of one of the two rises by 5%, ceteris paribus, what happens to the Qd of the other? Problem 7 The demand for lunches in an institute canteen was estimated to be Q= 16,415. 21-262. 743P, where Q= lunches served, P= price in rupees. 1. Compute the price elasticity of demand at a price of Rs. 40, Rs. 50 per lunch 2. What is the arc price elasticity of demand between the prices 40 and 50? Problem 8 Pepsodent sells a toothbrush for Rs. 25. Its sales have averaged 8,000 units per month over the last year. Recently, its close competitor, Colgate, reduced the price of its product from Rs. 35 to Rs. 30 per toothbrush. As a result, Pepsodent’s sales declined by 1,500 units per month. . What is their cross elasticity? What relationship it indicates? 2. If Pepsodent knows that it has a cross elasticity of –1. 5 with Colgate, how much it should now charge to restore previous sales after the price cut by Colgate? (Assume Colgate retains its price at Rs. 30 itself and does not retaliate). 3. What is the total monthly revenue of Pepsodent before and after the price change in (2 ) above? 4. Is the result in part (3) above necessarily desirable? What other factors would have to be taken into consideration?

Music Appreciation Paper

Every musical needs two things script and music, the musical that I saw at the civic center â€Å"A Funny Thing Happened on the way to the Forum. † It is witty characters and humorous songs made it a delight to see and you left with a smile. The music was the best out of the whole play. The orchestra was small having a piano, two violins, bass guitar, reed one and two, trumpet one and two, trombone, and percussion each instrument being a big part of production. The play starts with a song â€Å"comedy to night† giving a background in the streets of ancient Rome of three houses.The center of the house Senex who lives there with his wife Domina, son Hero, and the many slaves them owned. Hero has his own slave Pseudolus who is the main character and head slave Hysteria. One of the other neighbors is owned my Marcus Lycus, the house is a whorehouse. The other neighbor is Erronius who has been gone for many years trying to find his children who were abducted my pirates. Thin g singer who plays Pseudolus tone was raspy, pitch high, two beats, and tempo allegro the music flowed well and pulling the audience in quickly with it being very humorous.I thought the texture was monophonic being only one person singing the song and form being AB. The song ends giving a summary of the whole play, and it goes on to the next song. Hero the son of Senex has fallen in love with a girl who he has never spoken too. He starts to sing â€Å"love, I hear† his tone was rich, pitch was high, dynamic was mezzo forte, the tempo of the song was allegro it was a lovely song that expressed his love for a girl he has never spoken to. The song had two beats with the texture of the music monophonic because it was only one person singing it. After he ends he tells his slave Pseudolus if you get me that girl.I will let you be free and Pseudolus is so shocked that he cannot believe it and starts to sing â€Å"free† his texture is very raspy, with tempo vivace, and dynamic s Mezzo Piano. The pitch is high and form verse course and recitative singing like speech. This song was very funny and a great laugh. The play goes on to Pseudolus and Hero trying to think of plan so they go to Lycus house to find the girl to buy her from Lycus. When the song â€Å"the house of Marcus Lycus† starts to play, this song is made more dancing then singing the pitch is low, form was verse then instrumental, the tempo moderato, and dynamic mezzo forte.This song has a lot of bras and saxophone. The next song â€Å"lovely† where tone color of Hero is dark and Philia is bright, the pitch is high, the dynamics is forte, tempo of the music was andante, and with each the song being four beats. Pseudolus tries to keep them together; however, one problem Philia is to be married to the Caption a general for Rome. They Pseddolus, Philia, and hero start singing about what their life could be called â€Å"pretty little picture† it is high pitch, a funny song with the dynamic being forte.The form is verse, chores, verse, chores, and the texture homophonic because it had three people singing it. Pseudolus tells hero to hide Philia in the house while he goes to find away to keep them together. However, Philia is not smart at all and does not know what her husband looks like and gets confused with Heroes father Senex and he thinks Philia is a new maid Hysterium brought on. An a new song begins â€Å"Everyone Ought have a Maid† the song is sung by Senex whose tone is bright, then Psedulous comes in with a raspy tone, and then Hysterium who comes in at the end and tone being mellow.The texture for this song starts monophonic, then because Psedulous joins in it becomes polyphonic, and then because Hysterium joins in to the end it becomes homophonic with all three singing together. The tempo was vivace with the three men, pitch was high, the form was verse, chores, verse, chores, and with two beats. After the song ends Senex hides from his w ife and goes to take a bath and tells Hysterium to bring the maid Phila after he finishes into Erronius house where Senex was staying. But while this is happening, Erronius returns home, finally having given up the search for his long-lost children.Hysterium, desperate to keep him out of the house where his master is bathing, tells the old man that his house has become haunted – a story seemingly confirmed by the sound of Senex singing in his bath. Erronius immediately determines to have a soothsayer come and banish the spirit from his house, and Pseudolus obligingly poses as one, telling Erronius that in order to banish the spirit, he must travel seven times around the seven hills of Rome (thus keeping the old man occupied and out of the way for quite a while). Hysterium starts to go crazy and sings â€Å"I’m Calm† the music has a lot of plucking from the strings.The tone was mellow, with only one beat, pitch was high, and tempo Presto, dynamic is fortissimo, A B form, one beat. The story goes on to Histerium not bring Phila to Senex who she thinks is Miles Glorious. However, Phila comes out and goes and hugs Hero while Senex sees and Phila then winks at Senex. Both men are confused and wonder what the heck is happening. They start to sing â€Å"impossible† the pitch was high, tempo vivace, dynamics mezzo forte, texture polyphonic, form verse chores, and tome color for the father Senex was bright and Hero the son was dark.After the song the captain Miles Gloriosus comes into town and comes for his bride who he paid for Phila. He starts to sing ‘Bring me my Bride† his tone color was dark, four beats, tempo allegro, texture homophonic, pitch low and form verse, chores. They finished the song and Act one ended. Then Act two starts with Complicating matters further, Domina returns from her trip early, suspicious that her husband Senex is â€Å"up to something low. † She disguises herself in virginal white robes and a veil (much like Philia's) to try to catch Senex being unfaithful.She starts to sing â€Å"that dirty old man† out of the whole cast, I hated her voice she was screaming the song and belting all the words. Her tone color was bright, two beats, pitch was high, tempo allegro, dynamics forte, texture is monophonic, and AB form. The story goes on where Hero and Phila in front of all three houses and wishing they could be with each other. They try to think of a plan, but they had nothing so Phila start to sing â€Å"That’ll show him† in this song Phila is telling Hero that when she is kissing the Captain, but she will be thinking of Hero and kiss the Captain more. She is not the smartest girl.Her tone color was bright, pitch high, tempo allegretto, texture monophonic, two beats, and form verse, chores. Pseudolus convinces Hysterium to help him by dressing in  drag and pretending to be Philia, â€Å"dead† from the plague. An starts to sing â€Å"lovely (repri se)† to make him feel beautiful and confident to be a girl even though he is a guy. His pitch was moderate; tempo andante, dynamic mezzo forte, he is tone color was rich because he was a smoker, and texture monophonic. While Hysterium is acting like Phila dead the captain wants a big funeral for her so all the slave girls and soldiers are there morning her.And the â€Å"funeral sequence† starts in the song there were words from Miles Gloriosus and everyone else doing a melodic crying. In the whole play this is the only song that has three beats, pith moderate, tempo andante, AB form, dynamic mezzo piano, and texture monophonic. Unfortunately, it turns out that Miles Gloriosus has just returned from Crete, where there is of course no actual plague. With the trick revealed, the main characters run for their lives, resulting in chase with both Miles and Senex pursuing all three Philae’s; Domina, Hysterium, and the actual Philia – all wearing identical white r obes and veils.Meanwhile, the whores from the house of Marcus Lycus who had been recruited as mourners at Philia’s ersatz funeral have escaped, and Lycus sends his  eunuch  out to bring them all back, adding to the chaos. Finally, the Captain's troops are able to round everyone up. Pseudolus appears to be in deep trouble; however, Erronius, completing his third circuit of the Roman hills, shows up unexpectedly to discover that Miles Gloriosus and Philia are wearing matching rings which mark them as his long-lost children. Philia's betrothal to the Captain is canceled by the unexpected surprise that he's her brother.Philia weds Hero; Pseudolus gets his freedom and the lovely slave girl Gymnasia; Gloriosus receives twin courtesans to replace Philia; Erronius gets his children, and a happy ending prevails for all – except for poor Senex, stuck with his shrewish wife Domina. It ends with are last song â€Å"final comedy tonight† with Pseudolus singing and then e veryone joins in. the pitch is high, tempo allegro, dynamics mezzo forte, texture polyphonic, AB form, two beats, and the genre of all the songs would be a musical comedy. This musical was fun and delight to see and if I could see it again I would.For my cousins birthday we got to go to Taylor Swift concert in South Carolina where I stayed for spring break with family. On March 23 we went and it was amazing, there was seventeen songs she sang and also Ed Sheeran as her opening act. It was load and a lot of fun, their genre of both singers was pop. Ed Sheeran was the opening act singing A-Team pitch low, two beats, texture monophonic, dynamic piano, tempo moderato. The next song he played â€Å"give me love† pitch high, tempo allegretto, dynamics crescendo, texture monophonic, and tone color was dark. He did sing more songs; however, I came late so I only got to here two of his songs.Then the amazing Taylor Swift came on and started to sing â€Å"state of grace† pitch w as high, dynamic crescendo, tempo allegretto, and texture monophonic. Taylor’s next song was â€Å"holy ground† pitch was moderate, dynamic forte, tempo presto, two beats, and form verse, chores. She is an inspiration to all girls who want to be themselves and to have fun. Her voice never wavered and kept going to the very end. Her next song â€Å"you belong with me† which is one of my favorite songs from her. Her pitch was high, dynamic mezzo forte, tempo allegretto, form verse, chores, and two beats.She does clothing change and goes to the next song â€Å"the lucky one† pitch low, temp moderato, dynamic mezzo piano, and texture polyphonic. Her next song which is now her signature â€Å"red† tempo moderato, pitch high, dynamic mezzo forte, texture monophonic, and two beats. †the lucky one† pitch high, dynamics mezzo forte, tempo moderato, and form verse, chores. She starts to sing after giving an inspirational speech â€Å"mean† tempo allegretto, dynamic mezzo forte, texture homophonic, and two beats. She starts to sing after giving an inspirational speech â€Å"mean† tempo allegretto, dynamic mezzo forte, texture homophonic, and two beats.Next song â€Å"stay stay stay† texture homophonic, tempo vivace, pitch moderato, and dynamic crescendo. She changes into another outfit and starts to sing â€Å"22† her tone color bright, tempo vivace, and pitch high. She changes again and talks to the fans and tells that this most requested and plays acoustic â€Å"starlight† pitch low, texture monophonic, two beats, and dynamic mezzo piano. The next song was a duet with Ed Sheeran and Taylor Swift called â€Å"everything has changed† texture polyphonic, dynamic mezzo forte, tempo moderato, and form verse, chores.The next song is her and her guitar â€Å"begin again† pitch low, tempo andante, dynamic mezzo piano, and texture monophonic. Her next song â€Å"sparks fly† wh ich she starts playing on a twelve string guitar. Pitch is high, tempo is allegro, and dynamic forte. Taylor’s next song starts off with her violinist making an awesome entrance. Then Taylor comes out in a new outfit singing â€Å"I knew you were trouble† pitch was high, tempo presto, dynamic forte, and form verse, chores. She goes on the piano and talks to fans about writing her songs and being amazing and then starts to sing. All too well† pitch was low, tempo adagio, dynamic piano, and texture monophonic. Taylor changes and comes out of the stage singing â€Å"love story† pitch high, tempo allegretto, and two beats. Taylor changes again and starts to sing â€Å"Treacherous† pitch low, tempo moderato, and dynamic is mezzo piano. The last song â€Å"we are never getting back together† which is a fun high pitch song, tempo is vivace, dynamic forte, and two beats. I loved the play and the concert, learning about the music was fun and I learned a lot. I won’t look at music the same.

Social Classroom Activities to Build Social Skills

Students with disabilities, especially developmental disabilities, suffer from significant deficits in good social skills.  They often cannot initiate interactions, they often dont understand what makes a social transaction appropriate for setting or players, they often dont get enough appropriate practice. Always a Need for Social Skill Development Using these fun activities helps model and promote healthy interactions and teamwork within the classroom. Use the activities found here a regularly to help develop good habits, and youll soon see improvement with students in your classroom who need help developing social skills. These activities, embedded in a self-contained program as part of a daily routine, provide students with lots of opportunities for frequent practice getting used to appropriate interactions. Shaky Day Pick a consistent day of the week (Fridays are great) and the dismissal practice is to have each student shake two students hands and say something personal and nice. For instance, Kim shakes Bens hand and says, Thanks for helping me tidy my desk, or, I really liked the way you played dodgeball at gym. Some teachers use this method as each child leaves the classroom. The teacher shakes the students hand and says something positive. Social Skill of the Week Pick a social skill and use it for the focus of the week. For instance, if your skills of the week is showing responsibility, the word responsibility goes on the board. The teacher introduces the words and talks about what it means to be responsible. Students brainstorm ideas of what it means to be responsible. Throughout the week, students are given opportunities to comment on responsible behavior as they see it. At the end of the day or for bell work, have students talk about what theyve been doing or what they did that showed acting responsibility. Social Skill Weekly Goals Have students set social skill goals for the week. Provide opportunities for students to demonstrate and tell how theyre sticking to their goals. Use this as the exit dismissal key each day. For instance, each child states how they met their goal that day: I cooperated today by working well with Sean on my book report. Negotiation Week Many students requiring additional help with social skills usually need support to negotiate properly. Teach the skill of negotiation by modeling and then reinforcing through some role play situation. Provide opportunities for conflict resolution. Works well if situations arise in class or on the yard. Good Character Submission Box Keep a box with a slot in it. Ask students to put a slip in the box when they observe good character. For instance, John tidied up the coat room without being asked. Students that are reluctant writers will need to have their complement scribed for them. Then the teacher reads the slips from the good character box at the end of the week. Teachers should also participate. Social Circle Time At circle time, have each child say something pleasant about the person next to them as they go around the circle. This can be theme based (cooperative, respectful, generous, positive, responsible, friendly, empathetic etc.) and change every day to stay fresh. Mystery Buddies Put all the student names in a hat. A child draws a student name and they become the students mystery buddy. The mystery buddy then offers compliments, praise and does nice things for the student. The students can then guess their mystery buddy at the end of the week. You can also incorporate social skills worksheets for more help. Welcoming Committee The welcoming committee can consist of 1-3 students who are responsible for welcoming any visitors to the class. If a new student starts, the welcoming committee makes sure they feel welcome and they also help them with the routines and become their buddies. Good Solutions This activity takes some help from other teaching staff members. Have teachers leave you notes of the conflicts that have arisen on the yard or in the classroom. Collect these as often as you can. Then within your own classroom, present the situation that have happened, ask the students to role play it or to come up with positive problem solving solutions and practical advice to avoid repeats of the incidents.